Office of Institutional Research
and Evaluation
1030 N. Mountain
P.O. Box 210134
Tucson, AZ 85721
(520) 621-7807
November 20, 2006
Dear Readers,
Enclosed please find the University of Arizona’s 2006-2007 Common Data Set.
If you have any questions or comments, please contact Anna Wilkinson, University Reports
Coordinator, at [email protected] or 520-621-1986; or the University’s Office of Institutional
Research and Evaluation at 520-621-7807.
The Office of Institutional Research
and Evaluation
University of Arizona Common Data Set 2006-07 Tucson, AZ
A1
Address Information
A1
Name of College/University:
A1
Mailing Address:
A1
City/State/Zip/Country:
A1
Street Address (if different):
A1
City/State/Zip/Country:
A1
Main Phone Number:
A1
WWW Home Page Address:
A1
Admissions Phone Number:
A1
Admissions Toll-Free Phone Number:
A1
Admissions Office Mailing Address:
A1
City/State/Zip/Country:
A1
Admissions Fax Number:
A1
Admissions E-mail Address:
A1
If there is a separate URL for your
school’s online application, please
specify: _____________
_
A1
If you have a mailing address other
than the above to which applications
should be sent, please provide:
A2
A2
Public
x
A2
Private (nonprofit)
A2
Proprietary
A3
Classify your undergraduate institution:
A3
Coeducational college
x
A3
Men's college
A3
Women's college
A
4
Academic year calendar:
A
4
Semester
x
A
4
Quarter
A
4
Trimester
A
4
4-1-4
A
4
Continuous
A
4
Differs by program (describe):
A
4
Other (describe):
A
5
Degrees offered by your institution:
A
5
Certificate
A
5
Diploma
A
5
Associate
A
5
Transfer Associate
A
5
Terminal Associate
A
5
Bachelor's
x
A
5
Postbachelor's certificate
x
A
5
Master's
x
A
5
Post-master's certificate
A
5
Doctoral
x
A
5
First professional
x
A
5
First professional certificate
A. General Information
UNIVERSITY OF ARIZON
A
http://admissions.arizona.edu
P.O. BOX 210066
TUCSON AZ 85721-006
6
(520)621-2211
http://www.arizona.edu
Source of institutional control (Check only one):
(520) 621-3237
(520) 621-9799
P.O. BOX 210040
TUCSON AZ 85721-0040
2
University of Arizona Common Data Set 2006-07 Tucson, AZ
B1
B1
B1
Men Women Men Women
B1
Under
g
raduates
B1
Degree-seeking, first-time
freshmen
2,696 3,092 115 106
B1
Other first-year, degree-seeking
463 294 85 71
B1
All other degree-seeking
8,301 9,571 1,620 1,599
B1
Total degree-seeking
11,460 12,957 1,820 1,776
B1
All other undergraduates enrolled
in credit courses
90 73 134 132
B1
Total undergraduates
11,550 13,030 1,954 1,908
B1
First-Professional
B1
First-time, first-professional
students
171 195 0 0
B1
All other first-professionals
408 478 2 4
B1
Total first-professional
579 673 2 4
B1
Graduate
B1
Degree-seeking, first-time
623 706 60 126
B1
All other degree-seeking
1628 1622 696 886
B1
All other graduates enrolled in
credit courses
54 39 309 356
B1
Total graduate
2305 2367 1065 1368
B1
28,442
B1
8,363
B1
36,805
B2
B2
Degree-Seeking
First-Time
First Year
Degree-Seeking
Undergraduates
(include first-time
first-year)
Total
Undergraduates
(both degree- and
non-degree-
seeking)
B2
102 714 784
B2
185 877 881
B2
162 597 606
B2
438 1,729 1,740
B2
1,011 4,557 4,599
B2
3,916 18,122 18,333
B2
195 1,414 1,499
B2
6,009 28,010 28,442
Persistence
B3
Number of degrees awarded from July 1, 2005 to June 30, 2006
B3
Certificate/diploma
B. ENROLLMENT AND PERSISTENCE
Institutional Enrollment - Men and Women Provide numbers of students for each of the following
categories as of the institution's official fall reporting date or as of October 15, 2006.
FULL-TIME PART-TIME
Total all undergraduates
Total all graduate and professional students
GRAND TOTAL ALL STUDENTS
Enrollment by Racial/Ethnic Category. Provide numbers of undergraduate students for each of the
following categories as of the institution's official fall reporting date or as of October 15, 2006. Include
international students only in the category "Nonresident aliens." Complete the "Total Undergraduates"
column only if you cannot provide data for the first two columns.
Nonresident aliens
Black, non-Hispanic
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian or Pacific Islander
Hispanic
White, non-Hispanic
Race/ethnicity unknown
TOTAL
3
University of Arizona Common Data Set 2006-07 Tucson, AZ
B3
Associate degrees
B3
Bachelor's degrees 5613
B3
Postbachelor's certificates
B3
Master's degrees 1435
B3
Post-Master's certificates 11
B3
Doctoral degrees 395
B3
First professional degrees 303
B3
First professional certificates
Graduation Rates
Fall 2000 Cohort
B4
5,196
B5
B6
5,196
B7
1,618
B8
1,118
B9
305
B10
3,041
B11
59%
Fall 1999 Cohort
B4
5,126
B5
0
Of the initial 2000 cohort, how many completed the program in more than four years but
in five years or less (after August 31, 2004 and by August 31, 2005):
Of the initial 2000 cohort, how many completed the program in more than five years but
in six years or less (after August 31, 2005 and by August 31, 2006):
Total graduating within six years (sum of questions B7, B8, and B9):
Six-year graduation rate for 2000 cohort (question B10 divided by question B6):
The items in this section correspond to data elements collected by the IPEDS Web-based Data Collection
System's Graduation Rate Survey (GRS). For complete instructions and definitions of data elements, see
the IPEDS GRS instructions and glossary on the 2006 Web-based survey.
For Bachelor's or Equivalent Programs
Report for the cohort of full-time first-time bachelor's (or equivalent) degree-seeking undergraduate
students who entered in fall 1999. Include in the cohort those who entered your institution during the
summer term preceding fall 1999.
Please provide data for the fall 2000 cohort if available. If fall 2000 cohort data are
not available, provide data for the fall 1999 cohort.
Report for the cohort of full-time first-time bachelor's (or equivalent) degree-seeking undergraduate
students who entered in fall 2000. Include in the cohort those who entered your institution during the
summer term preceding fall 2000.
Initial 2000 cohort of first-time, full-time bachelor's (or equivalent) degree-seeking
undergraduate students; total all students:
Of the initial 2000 cohort, how many did not persist and did not graduate for the
following reasons: death, permanent disability, service in the armed forces, foreign aid
service of the federal government, or official church missions; total allowable
exclusions:
Final 2000 cohort, after adjusting for allowable exclusions: (subtract question B5 from
question B4)
Of the initial 2000 cohort, how many completed the program in four years or less (by
August 31, 2004):
Initial 1999 cohort of first-time, full-time bachelor's (or equivalent) degree-seeking
undergraduate students; total all students:
Of the initial 1999 cohort, how many did not persist and did not graduate for the
following reasons: death, permanent disability, service in the armed forces, foreign aid
service of the federal government, or official church missions; total allowable
exclusions:
4
University of Arizona Common Data Set 2006-07 Tucson, AZ
B6
5,126
B7
1,632
B8
1,067
B9
251
B10
2,950
B11
58%
Retention Rates
B22
79%
Final 1999 cohort, after adjusting for allowable exclusions: (subtract question B5 from
question B4)
Of the initial 1999 cohort, how many completed the program in more than four years but
in five years or less (after August 31, 2003 and by August 31, 2004):
Of the initial 1999 cohort, how many completed the program in four years or less (by
August 31, 2003):
Report for the cohort of all full-time, first-time bachelor’s (or equivalent) degree-seeking undergraduate
students who entered in fall 2005 (or the preceding summer term). The initial cohort may be adjusted for
students who departed for the following reasons: death, permanent disability, service in the armed forces,
foreign aid service of the federal government or official church missions. No other adjustments to the initial
cohort should be made.
For the cohort of all full-time bachelor’s (or equivalent) degree-seeking undergraduate
students who entered your institution as freshmen in fall 2005 (or the preceding
summer term), what percentage was enrolled at your institution as of the date your
institution calculates its official enrollment in fall 2006?
Of the initial 1999 cohort, how many completed the program in more than five years but
in six years or less (after August 31, 2004 and by August 31, 2005):
Total graduating within six years (sum of questions B7, B8, and B9):
Six-year graduation rate for 1999 cohort (question B10 divided by question B6):
5
Common Data Set 2006-07
Applications
C1
C1 7992
C1
8617
C1
6674
C1
6679
C1
2696
C1
115
C1
3092
C1
106
C2
Yes No
C2
x
C2
C2
C2
C2
C2
Is your waiting list ranked?
C2
C2
Admission Requirements
C3
High school completion requirement
C3
x
C3
C3
C4
C4
C4
x
C4
C5
C5
Units
Required
Units
Recommended
C5
Total academic units 16 16
C5
English 44
C5
Mathematics 33
C5
Science 33
Distribution of high school units required and/or recommended. Specify the distribution of academic high
school course units required and/or recommended of all or most degree-seeking students using Carnegie units
(one unit equals one year of study or its equivalent). If you use a different system for calculating units, please
convert.
Require
Recommend
Neither require nor recommend
C. FIRST-TIME, FIRST-YEAR (FRESHMAN) ADMISSION
Total first-time, first-year (freshman) men who applied
Total first-time, first-year (freshman) women who applied
Total first-time, first-year (freshman) men who were admitted
First-time, first-year, (freshmen) students: Provide the number of degree-seeking, first-time, first-year
students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full- or part-time) in fall 2006. Include early decision, early
action, and students who began studies during summer in this cohort. Applicants should include only those
students who fulfilled the requirements for consideration for admission (i.e., who completed actionable
applications) and who have been notified of one of the following actions: admission, nonadmission, placement
on waiting list, or application withdrawn (by applicant or institution). Admitted applicants should include wait-
listed students who were subsequently offered admission.
Total first-time, first-year (freshman) women who were admitted
Total full-time, first-time, first-year (freshman) men who enrolled
Total part-time, first-time, first-year (freshman) men who enrolled
Freshman wait-listed students (students who met admission requirements but whose final admission
was contingent on space availability)
Total full-time, first-time, first-year (freshman) women who enrolled
Total part-time, first-time, first-year (freshman) women who enrolled
Do you have a policy of placing students on a waiting list?
If yes, please answer the questions below for fall 2006 admissions:
Number of qualified applicants offered a placed on waiting list
Number accepting a place on the waiting list
Number of wait-listed students admitted
Does your institution require or recommend a general college-preparatory program for degree-seeking
students?
High school diploma is required and GED is
accepted
High school diploma is required and GED is not
acce
p
ted
High school diploma or equivalent is not required
If yes, do you release that information to students?
Do you release that information to school counselors?
Page 6CDS-C
Common Data Set 2006-07
C5
Of these, units that must be
lab
33
C5
Foreign language 22
C5
Social studies 12
C5
History 11
C5
Academic electives
C5
Other (specify: Fine Arts) 11
Basis for Selection
C6
C6
C6
C6
C6
C6
C7
C7
Very Important Important Considered
Not
Considered
C7
Academic
C7
Rigor of secondary school
record
x
C7
Class rank x
C7
Academic GPA
x
C7
Standardized test scores x
C7
Application Essay x
C7
Recommendation(s) x
C7
Nonacademic
C7
Interview x
C7
Extracurricular activities x
C7
Talent/ability x
C7
Character/personal qualities x
C7
First generation x
C7
Alumni/ae relation x
C7
Geographical residence x
C7
State residency x
C7
Religious
affiliation/commitment
x
C7
Racial/ethnic status x
C7
Volunteer work x
C7
Work experience x
C7
Level of applicant’s interest x
SAT and ACT Policies
C8
Entrance exams
Yes No
C8A
x
C8A
C8A
C8A
Require Recommend Require for
Some
Consider if
Submitted
Not Used
C8A
SAT or ACT x
Do you have an open admission policy, under which virtually all secondary school graduates or students with
GED equivalency diplomas are admitted without regard to academic record, test scores, or other qualifications?
If so, check which applies:
If yes, place check marks in the appropriate boxes below to reflect your institution’s policies for use in admission
for Fall 2008.
Does your institution make use of SAT, ACT, or SAT Subject Test scores in
admission decisions for first-time, first-year, degree-seeking applicants?
ADMISSION
Open admission policy as described above for all students
Open admission policy as described above for most students, but--
other (explain)
Relative importance of each of the following academic and nonacademic factors in first-time, first-year,
degree-seeking (freshman) admission decisions.
selective admission for out-of-state students
selective admission to some programs
Page 7CDS-C
Common Data Set 2006-07
C8A
ACT only x
C8A
SAT only x
C8A
SAT and SAT Subject Tests or
ACT
x
C8A
SAT Subject Tests only x
C8B
C8B
C8B
C8B x
C8C
C8C
For admission
C8C
For placement
C8C
For advising
C8C
In place of an application essay
C8C
As a validity check on the
application essay
C8C
No college policy as of now
x
C8C
Not using essay component
C8D
C8D
Yes No
x
C8E
C8E
C8F
C8F
C8G
C8G
SAT
x
C8G
ACT
x
C8G
SAT Subject Tests
C8G
AP
x
C8G
CLEP
x
C8G
Institutional Exam
x
C8G
State Exam (specify):
Freshman Profile
Latest date by which SAT or ACT scores must be received for fall-term
In addition, does your institution use applicants' test scores for academic advising?
If necessary, use this space to clarify your test policies (e.g., if tests are recommended for some students, or if
If your institution will make use of the ACT in admission decisions for first-time, first-year, degree-seeking applicants for
Fall 2008, please indicate which ONE of the following applies: (regardless of whether the writing score will be used in the
admissions process):
Latest date by which SAT Subject Test scores must be received for fall-term
admission
Please indicate which tests your institution uses for placement (e.g., state tests):
Provide percentages for ALL enrolled, degree-seeking, full-time and part-time, first-time, first-year
(freshman) students enrolled in fall 2006, including students who began studies during summer, international
students/nonresident aliens, and students admitted under special arrangements.
Please indicate how your institution will use the SAT or ACT writing component; check all that apply:
ACT with Writing Component required
ACT with Writing component recommended
ACT with or without Writing component accepted
Page 8CDS-C
Common Data Set 2006-07
C9
C9
Percent submitting SAT scores
80
%
4812
C9
Percent submitting ACT scores
40
%
2418
C9
25th Percentile 75th Percentile
C9
SAT Critical Reading 490 600
C9
SAT Math 500 630
SAT Writing
SAT Essay
C9
ACT Composite 20 26
C9
ACT Math 20 27
C9
ACT English 20 26
C9
ACT Writing
C9
C9
SAT Critical
Reading
SAT Math SAT Writing
C9
700-800 5.00% 7.00%
C9
600-699 23.00% 29.00%
C9
500-599 43.00% 40.00%
C9
400-499 25.00% 21.00%
C9
300-399 4.00% 3.00%
C9
200-299 0.00% 0.00%
Totals should = 100% 100.00% 100.00% 0.00%
C9
ACT Composite ACT English ACT Math
C9
30-36 7.94%
C9
24-29 40.38%
C9
18-23 44.44%
C9
12-17 7.16%
C9
6-11 0.08%
C9
Below 6
Totals should = 100% 100.00% 0.00% 0.00%
C10
C10
34%
C10
62%
C10
87% Top half +
C10
13% bottom half = 100%
C10
21%
C10
59%
C11
C11
24%
C11
19%
C11
18%
C11
17%
C11
18%
Percent who had GPA between 2.50 and 2.99
Percent who had GPA of 3.75 and higher
Percent who had GPA between 3.50 and 3.74
Percent who had GPA between 3.25 and 3.49
Percent who had GPA between 3.00 and 3.24
Percent in bottom quarter of high school graduating class
Percent of total first-time, first-year (freshmen) students who submitted high school class rank:
Percentage of all enrolled, degree-seeking, first-time, first-year (freshman) students who had high school grade-
point averages within each of the following ranges (using 4.0 scale). Report information only for those students
from whom you collected high school GPA.
Percent in top tenth of high school graduating class
Percent in top quarter of high school graduating class
Percent in top half of high school graduating class
Percent in bottom half of high school graduating class
Percent and number of first-time, first-year (freshman) students enrolled in fall 2006 who submitted
national standardized (SAT/ACT) test scores. Include information for ALL enrolled, degree-seeking, first-
time, first-year (freshman) students who submitted test scores. Do not include partial test scores (e.g.,
mathematics scores but not critical reading for a category of students) or combine other standardized test
results (such as TOEFL) in this item. Do not convert SAT scores to ACT scores and vice versa. The 25th
percentile is the score that 25 percent scored at or below; the 75th percentile score is the one that 25 percent
scored at or above.
Number submitting SAT scores
Number submitting ACT scores
Percent of first-time, first-year (freshman) students with scores in each range:
Percent of all degree-seeking, first-time, first-year (freshman) students who had high school class rank within
each of the following ranges (report information for those students from whom you collected high school rank
information).
Page 9CDS-C
Common Data Set 2006-07
C11
3%
C11
1%
C11
0%
100%
C12
3.36
C12
98.25%
Admission Policies
C13
Application Fee
C13
Yes No
C13
Does your institution have an
application fee?
x
C13
Amount of application fee:
C13
Yes No
C13
Can it be waived for applicants
with financial need?
x
C13
C13
Same fee:
x
C13
Free:
C13
Reduced:
C13
Yes No
C13
Can on-line application fee be
waived for applicants with
financial need?
x
C14
Application closing date
C14
Yes No
C14
Does your institution have an
application closing date?
x
C14
Application closing date (fall):
C14
Priority date:
C15
Yes No
C15
x
C16
Notification to applicants of admission decision sent (fill in one only)
C16
On a rolling basis beginning
(date):
November 1
C16
By (date):
C16
Other:
C17
Reply policy for admitted applicants (fill in one only)
C17
Must reply by (date):
C17
No set date:
C17
Must reply by May 1 or within
___4__ weeks if notified
thereafter
x
C17
Other:
C17
May 1
Deadline for housing deposit (MM/DD):
Percent who had GPA between 2.0 and 2.49
Percent who had GPA below 1.0
Percent who had GPA between 1.0 and 1.99
Totals should = 100%
Average high school GPA of all degree-seeking, first-time, first-year (freshman)
students who submitted GPA:
Percent of total first-time, first-year (freshman) students who submitted high
school GPA:
Are first-time, first-year students accepted for terms other than the fall?
If you have an application fee and an on-line application option, please indicate
Page 10CDS-C
Common Data Set 2006-07
C17 $250
C17
C17
Yes, in full
C17
Yes, in part
x
C17
No
C18
Deferred admission
C18
Yes No
C18
x
C18
C19
Early admission of high school students
C19
Yes No
C19
x
C20
Common Application
Early Decision and Early Action Plans
C21
Early Decision
C21
Yes No
C21
x
C21
C21
C21
C21
C21
C21
C21
C21
C21
C22
Early action
C22
Yes No
C22
x
C22
C22
C22
C22
C22
Yes No
C22
Question removed from CDS.
Amount of housing deposit:
Refundable if student does not enroll?
Is your early action plan a “restrictive” plan under which you limit students from applying to other early plans?
Does your institution allow students to postpone enrollment after admission?
If yes, maximum period of postponement:
Does your institution allow high school students to enroll as full-time, first-time,
first-year (freshman) students one year or more before high school graduation?
First or only early decision plan closing date
First or only early decision plan notification date
Early action notification date
Do you have a nonbinding early action plan whereby students are notified of an
admission decision well in advance of the regular notification date but do not
have to commit to attending your college?
If “yes,” please complete the following:
Early action closing date
Number of applicants admitted under early decision plan
Please provide significant details about your early decision plan:
Other early decision plan closing date
Other early decision plan notification date
For the Fall 2006 entering class:
Number of early decision applications received by your institution
Does your institution offer an early decision plan (an admission plan that permits
students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the
regular notification date and that asks students to commit to attending if
accepted) for first-time, first-year (freshman) applicants for fall enrollment?
If “yes,” please complete the following:
Page 11CDS-C
Common Data Set 2006-07
Fall Applicants
D1
Yes No
D1
x
D1
x
D2
D2
Applicants
Admitted
Applicants
Enrolled
Applicants
D2
Men
2,054 1,373 986
D2
Women
2,125 1,397 976
D2
Total 4,179 2,770 1,962
D3
D3
Fall
⌧
D3
Winter
D3
Spring
⌧
D3
Summer
⌧
D4
Yes No
D4
x
D4
D5
D5
Required of All
Recommended
of All
Recommended
of Some
Required of Some Not Required
D5
High school transcript
x
D5
College transcript(s)
x
D5
Essay or personal
statement
x
D5
Interview
x
D5
Standardized test scores
x
D5
Statement of good standing
from prior institution(s)
x
D6
D. TRANSFER ADMISSION
Provide the number of students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled as degree-seeking transfer
students in fall 2006.
Indicate all items required of transfer students to apply for admission:
If a minimum high school grade point average is required of
transfer applicants, specify (on a 4.0 scale):
Does your institution enroll transfer students? (If no, please
skip to Section E)
If yes, may transfer students earn advanced standing credit
by transferring credits earned from course work completed
at other colleges/universities?
If yes, what is the minimum number of credits and the unit
of measure?
Application for Admission
Indicate terms for which transfers may enroll:
Must a transfer applicant have a minimum number of
credits completed or else must apply as an entering
freshman?
Page 12CDS-D
Common Data Set 2006-07
D7
D8
D9
D9
Priority Date Closing Date Notification Date Reply Date
Rolling
Admission
D9
Fall
x
D9
Winter
D9
Spring
x
D9
Summer
x
D10
Yes No
D10
x
D11
D12
D13
Number Unit Type
D13
D14
Number Unit Type
D14
D15
D16
D17
Maximum number of credits or courses that may be
transferred from a four-year institution:
Minimum number of credits that transfers must complete at
your institution to earn an associate degree:
Minimum number of credits that transfers must complete at
your institution to earn a bachelor’s degree:
Describe other transfer credit policies:
Report the lowest grade earned for any course that may be
transferred for credit:
Maximum number of credits or courses that may be
transferred from a two-year institution:
Does an open admission policy, if reported, apply to
transfer students?
Describe additional requirements for transfer admission, if applicable:
Transfer Credit Policies
If a minimum college grade point average is required of
transfer applicants, specify (on a 4.0 scale):
List any other application requirements specific to transfer applicants:
List application priority, closing, notification, and candidate reply dates for transfer students. If applications
are reviewed on a continuous or rolling basis, place a check mark in the “Rolling admission” column.
Page 13CDS-D
Common Data Set 2006-07
E1
E1
Accelerated program
E1
Cooperative education program x
E1
Cross-registration x
E1
Distance learning x
E1
Double major x
E1
Dual enrollment x
E1
English as a Second Language (ESL) x
E1
Exchange student program (domestic) x
E1
External degree program
E1
Honors Program x
E1
Independent study x
E1
Internships x
E1
Liberal arts/career combination
E1
Student-designed major x
E1
Study abroad x
E1
Teacher certification program x
E1
Weekend college x
E1
Other (specify):
E2
This question has been removed from the Common Data Set.
E3 Areas in which all or most students are required to complete some course
work
p
rior to
g
raduation:
E3
Arts/fine arts x
E3
Computer literacy
E3
English (including composition) x
E3
Foreign languages x
E3
History
E3
Humanities x
E3
Mathematics x
E3
Philosophy
E3
Sciences (biological or physical) x
E3
Social science x
E3
Other (describe):
Library Collections: The CDS Publishers will collect library data again
when a new Academic Libraries Surve
y
is in
p
lace.
E. ACADEMIC OFFERINGS AND POLICIES
Special study options: Identify those programs available at your institution. Refer to the glossary
for definitions.
Page 14CDS-E
Common Data Set 2006-07
F1
F1
First-time, first-year
(freshman) students
Undergraduates
F1
37%
33%
F1
n/a 10%
F1
n/a 11%
F1
80% 20%
F1
20% 80%
F1
2% 7%
F1
19 20
F1
19 20
F2
F2
Choral groups
x
F2
Concert band
x
F2
Dance
x
F2
Drama/theater
x
F2
Jazz band
x
F2
Literary magazine
x
F2
Marching band
x
F2
Music ensembles
x
F2
Musical theater
x
F2
Opera
x
F2
Pep band
x
F2
Radio station
x
F2
Student government
x
F2
Student newspaper
x
F2
Student-run film society
F2
Symphony orchestra
x
F2
Television station
x
F2
Yearbook
x
F3
F3
At Cooperating
Institution
F3
Army ROTC is offered:
F3
Naval ROTC is offered:
F3
Air Force ROTC is offered:
F4
F4
Coed dorms
x
F4
Men's dorms
F4
Women's dorms
x
Housing: Check all types of college-owned, -operated, or -affiliated housing available for
undergraduates at your institution.
Percent who live off campus or commute
Percent of students age 25 and older
Average age of full-time students
Average age of all students (full- and part-time)
x
x
x
On Campus
ROTC (program offered in cooperation with Reserve Officers' Training Corps)
Name of Cooperating
Institution
Activities offered Identify those programs available at your institution.
Percent who live in college-owned, -operated, or -
affiliated housin
g
F. STUDENT LIFE
Percent who are from out of state (exclude
international/nonresident aliens from the numerator
and denominator)
Percent of women who join sororities
Percent of men who join fraternities
Percentages of first-time, first-year (freshman) students and all degree-seeking
undergraduates enrolled in fall 2006 who fit the following categories:
Page 15CDS-F
Common Data Set 2006-07
F4
Apartments for married students
F4
Apartments for single students
x
F4
Special housing for disabled
students
x
F4
Special housing for international
students
x
F4
Fraternity/sorority housing
x
F4
Cooperative housing
F4
Other housing options (specify):
Page 16CDS-F
Common Data Set 2006-07
x
G1
G1
First-Year Undergraduates
G1
PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS
Tuition:
G1
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
Tuition:
In-district
$4,594 $4,594
G1
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
In-state (out-of-district):
$4,594 $4,594
G1
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
Out-of-state:
$14,800 $14,800
G1
NONRESIDENT ALIENS
Tuition:
$14,800 $14,800
G1
REQUIRED FEES:
$172 $172
G1
ROOM AND BOARD:
(on-campus)
$7,850 $7,850
G1
ROOM ONLY:
(on-campus)
$4,350 $4,350
G1
BOARD ONLY:
(on-campus meal plan)
$3,500 $3,500
G1
G1
G2
Minimum Maximum
G. ANNUAL EXPENSES
Provide 2007-2008 academic year costs of attendance for the following categories that are
applicable to your institution.
Undergraduate full-time tuition, required fees, room and board List the typical tuition, required fees,
and room and board for a full-time undergraduate student for the FULL 2007-2008 academic year (30
semester or 45 quarter hours for institutions that derive annual tuition by multiplying credit hour cost by
number of credits). A full academic year refers to the period of time generally extending from September
to June; usually equated to two semesters, two trimesters, three quarters, or the period covered by a four-
one-four plan. Room and board is defined as double occupancy and 19 meals per week or the maximum
meal plan. Required fees include only charges that all full-time students must pay that are not included in
tuition (e.g., registration, health, or activity fees.) Do not include optional fees (e.g., parking, laboratory
use).
Comprehensive tuition and room and board fee (if your
college cannot provide separate tuition and room and
board fees):
Other:
Check here if your institution's 2007-2008 academic year costs of attendance are not available at this time
and provide an approximate date (i.e., month/day) when your institution's final 2007-2008 academic year
costs of attendance will be available:
Page 17CDS-G
Common Data Set 2006-07
G2
721
G3
Yes No
G3
x
G4
G5
G5
Residents
Commuters
(living at home)
Commuters
(not living at home)
G5
Books and supplies $816 $816 $816
G5
Room only $5,440
G5
Board only $1,940 $2,950
G5
Transportation $600 $1,060 $1,430
G5
Other expenses $2,520 $2,520 $3,620
G6
G6
PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS:
G6
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
In-district:
$240.00
G6
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
In-state (out-of-district):
$240.00
G6
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS
Out-of-state:
$617.00
G6
NONRESIDENT ALIENS:
$617.00
Provide the estimated expenses for a typical full-time undergraduate student:
Undergraduate per-credit-hour charges (tuition only)
Number of credits per term a student can take for the
stated full-time tuition
Do tuition and fees vary by year of study (e.g., sophomore,
junior, senior)?
If tuition and fees vary by undergraduate instructional program, describe briefly:
Page 18CDS-G
Common Data Set 2006-07
H1
2006-2007
estimated
2005-2006
final
H1
x
H3
H3
x
H3
H3
H1
Need-based $
(Include non-need-
based aid used to
meet need.)
Non-need-
based $
(Exclude non-need-
based aid used to
meet need.)
H1
H1
$18,753,755 $153,557
H1
$303,628 $10,000
H1
$26,549,846 $24,412,345
H1
$9,732,232 $9,016,375
H1
$55,339,461 $33,592,277
H1
H1
$47,415,039 $11,171,838
H1
$1,514,996
H1
$5,285,591 $6,030,081
H1
$54,215,626 $17,201,919
H1
H1
$13,040,170 $10,162,005
H1
$2,894,085 $6,225,730
H1
H. FINANCIAL AID
Scholarships/Grants
Federal
Both FM and IM
Which needs-analysis methodology does your institution use in awarding institutional aid?
Federal methodology (FM)
Institutional methodology (IM)
State (i.e., all states, not only the state in which your institution is
located)
Institutional: Endowed scholarships, annual gifts and tuition funded
grants, awarded by the college, excluding athletic aid and tuition
waivers (which are reported below).
Scholarships/grants from external sources (e.g., Kiwanis, National
Merit) not awarded by the college
Total Scholarships/Grants
Self-Help
Student loans from all sources (excluding parent loans)
Federal Work-Study
State and other (e.g., institutional) work-study/employment (Note:
Excludes Federal Work-Study captured above.)
Total Self-Help
Other
Parent Loans
Tuition Waivers
Reporting is optional. Report tuition waivers in this row if you choose to report them. Do
not report tuition waivers elsewhere.
Athletic Awards
Aid Awarded to Enrolled Undergraduates
Enter total dollar amounts awarded to enrolled full-time and less than full-time degree-seeking
undergraduates (using the same cohort reported in CDS Question B1, “total degree-seeking”
undergraduates) in the following categories. (Note: If the data being reported are final figures for the 2005-
2006 academic year (see the next item below), use the 2005-2006 academic year's CDS Question B1
cohort.) Include aid awarded to international students (i.e., those not qualifying for federal aid). Aid that is
non-need-based but that was used to meet need should be reported in the need-based aid columns
.
(For a suggested order of precedence in assigning categories of aid to cover need, see the entry for
“non-need-based scholarship or grant aid” on the last page of the definitions section.)
Indicate the academic year for which data are reported for items H1,
H2, H2A, and H6 below:
Page 19CDS-H
Common Data Set 2006-07
H2
H2
First-time
Full-time
Freshmen
Full-time
Undergraduate
(Incl. Fresh.)
Less Than
Full-time
Undergraduate
H2
a) Number of degree-seeking undergraduate students
(CDS Item B1 if reporting on Fall 2006 cohort)
5,785 24,725 3,737
H2
b)
Number of students in line a who applied for need-
based financial aid
3,513 13,543 1,349
H2
c)
Number of students in line b who were determined to
have financial need
2,129 9,996 1,163
H2
d)
Number of students in line c who were awarded any
financial aid
2,022 9,530 988
H2
e)
Number of students in line d who were awarded any
need-based scholarship or grant aid
1,918 8,470 480
H2
f)
Number of students in line d who were awarded any
need-based self-help aid
1,035 6,397 715
H2
g)
Number of students in line d who were awarded any
non-need-based scholarship or grant aid
314 830 14
H2
h)
Number of students in line d whose need was fully met
(exclude PLUS loans, unsubsidized loans, and private
alternative loans)
362 1,547 65
H2
i) On average, the percentage of need that was met of
students who were awarded any need-based aid.
Exclude any aid that was awarded in excess of need as
well as any resources that were awarded to replace
EFC (PLUS loans, unsubsidized loans, and private
alternative loans)
64.0% 64.3% 49.9%
H2
j)
The average financial aid package of those in line d.
Exclude any resources that were awarded to replace
EFC (PLUS loans, unsubsidized loans, and private
alternative loans)
$ 7,443 $ 8,078 $ 6,358
H2
k)
Average need-based scholarship and grant award of
those in line e
$ 6,308 $ 6,031 $ 4,042
H2
l) Average need-based self-help award (excluding PLUS
loans, unsubsidized loans, and private alternative
loans) of those in line f
$ 2,960 $ 4,195 $ 4,108
H2
m) Average need-based loan (excluding PLUS loans,
unsubsidized loans, and private alternative loans) of
those in line f who were awarded a need-based loan
$ 2,870 $ 4,137 $ 4,056
Number of Enrolled Students Awarded Aid: List the number of degree-seeking full-time and less-than-
full-time undergraduates who applied for and were awarded financial aid from any source. Aid that is non-
need-based but that was used to meet need should be counted as need-based aid. Numbers should
reflect the cohort awarded the dollars reported in H1. Note: In the chart below, students may be counted in
more than one row, and full-time freshmen should also be counted as full-time undergraduates.
Page 20CDS-H
Common Data Set 2006-07
H2A
H2A
First-time
Full-time
Freshmen
Full-time
Undergrad
(Incl. Fresh.)
Less Than
Full-time
Undergrad
H2A
n)
Number of students in line a who had no financial need
and who were awarded institutional non-need-based
scholarship or grant aid (exclude those who were
awarded athletic awards and tuition benefits)
1,939 4,647 56
H2A
o) Average dollar amount of institutional non-need-based
scholarship and grant aid awarded to students in line n
$ 4,363 $ 5,105 $ 3,186
H2A
p)
Number of students in line a who were awarded an
institutional non-need-based athletic scholarship or
grant
H2A
q) Average dollar amount of institutional non-need-based
athletic scholarships and grants awarded to students in
line p
H3
Incorporated into H1 above.
I
nc
l
u
d
e:
*
2006
un
d
ergra
d
uate c
l
ass w
h
o gra
d
uate
d
between July 1, 2005 and June 30, 2006 who started at
your institution as first- time students and received a
bachelor's degree between July 1, 2005 and June 30,
2006.
* only loans made to students who borrowed while
enrolled at your institution.
* co-signed loans.
Exclude: * those who transferred in.
* money borrowed at other institutions.
H4
44.3%
H4a
H5
$17,392
Note: These are the graduates and loan types to include and exclude in order to fill out CDS H4, H4a, H5, and
H5a.
Provide the percentage of the class (defined above) who borrowed at any time through
federal loan programs--Federal Perkins, Federal Stafford Subsidized and Unsubsidized.
Include both Federal Direct Student Loans and Federal Family Education Loans. NOTE:
exclude all institutional, state, private alternative loans and parent loans.
Report the average per-borrower cumulative undergraduate indebtedness of those in line
H4
Number of Enrolled Students Awarded Non-need-based Scholarships and Grants: List the number of
degree-seeking full-time and less-than-full-time undergraduates who had no financial need and who were
awarded institutional non-need-based scholarship or grant aid. Numbers should reflect the cohort awarded
the dollars reported in H1. Note: In the chart below, students may be counted in more than one row, and
full-time freshmen should also be counted as full-time undergraduates.
Provide the percentage of the class (defined above) who borrowed at any time through
any loan programs (institutional, state, Federal Perkins, Federal Stafford Subsidized and
Unsubsidized, private loans that were certified by your institution, etc.; exclude parent
loans). Include both Federal Direct Student Loans and Federal Family Education Loans.
Page 21CDS-H
Common Data Set 2006-07
H5a
H6
H6
H6
H6
H6
H6
H6
H7
H7
H7
H7
H7
H7
Process for First-Year/Freshman Students
H8
H8
H8
H8
H8
H8
H8
H8
H9
H9
H9
H9
Report the average per-borrower cumulative undergraduate indebtedness through federal
loan programs--Federal Perkins, Federal Stafford Subsidized and Unsubsidized. Include
both Federal Direct Student Loan and Federal Family Education Loans. These are listed
in line 4a. NOTE: exclude all institutional, state, private alternative loans and exclude
parent loans.
Business/Farm Supplement
Other (specify):
Indicate your institution’s policy regarding institutional scholarship and grant aid for undergraduate degree-
seeking nonresident aliens:
State aid form
Noncustodial PROFILE
Indicate filing dates for first-year (freshman) students:
Priority date for filing required financial aid forms:
Deadline for filing required financial aid forms:
Institutional scholarship or grant aid is not available
Average dollar amount of institutional financial aid awarded to undergraduate degree-
seeking nonresident aliens:
Check off all financial aid forms nonresident alien first-year financial aid applicants must submit:
Institution’s own financial aid form
If institutional financial aid is available for undergraduate degree-seeking nonresident
aliens, provide the number of undergraduate degree-seeking nonresident aliens who
were awarded need-based or non-need-based aid:
Total dollar amount of institutional financial aid awarded to undergraduate degree-seeking
nonresident aliens:
Aid to Undergraduate Degree-seeking Nonresident Aliens (Note: Report numbers and
dollar amounts for the same academic
y
ear checked in item H1.
)
Institutional need-based scholarship or grant aid is available
Institutional non-need-based scholarship or grant aid is available
FAFSA
Institution's own financial aid form
CSS/Financial Aid PROFILE
Check off all financial aid forms domestic first-year (freshman) financial aid applicants must submit:
International Student’s Certification of Finances
Other (specify):
CSS/Financial Aid PROFILE
International Student’s Financial Aid Application
No deadline for filing required forms (applications processed on a
rolling basis):
Page 22CDS-H
Common Data Set 2006-07
H10
H10
a)
H10
Yes No
H10
b) Students notified on a rolling basis:
H10
If yes, starting date:
H11
H11
H11
Types of Aid Available
Please check off all types of aid available to undergraduates at your institution:
H12
H12
H12
H12
H12
H12
H12
x
H12
x
H12
x
H12
x
H12
x
H12
H12
x
H12
H13
H13
H13
x
H13
x
H13
x
H13
x
H13
x
H13
H13
x
H13
H14
H14
Non-Need Based Need-Based
H14
xx
H14
H14
x
H14
H14
H14
H14
Academics
Alumni affiliation
Art
Athletics
Job skills
ROTC
Leadership
Indicate notification dates for first-year (freshman) students (answer a or b):
Students notified on or about (date):
Indicate reply dates:
Federal Nursing Loans
State Loans
College/university loans from institutional funds
Federal Perkins Loans
Students must reply by (date):
or within _______ weeks of notification.
Other (specify):
Loans
Scholarships and Grants
FEDERAL FAMILY EDUCATION LOAN PROGRAM (FFEL)
FEDERAL DIRECT STUDENT LOAN PROGRAM (DIRECT LOAN)
NEED-BASED:
Direct Subsidized Stafford Loans
Direct Unsubsidized Stafford Loans
Direct PLUS Loans
FFEL Subsidized Stafford Loans
FFEL Unsubsidized Stafford Loans
FFEL PLUS Loans
Federal Pell
SEOG
State scholarships/grants
Private scholarships
College/university scholarship or grant aid from institutional funds
United Negro College Fund
Federal Nursing Scholarship
Check off criteria used in awarding institutional aid. Check all that apply.
Other (specify):
Page 23CDS-H
Common Data Set 2006-07
H14
H14
H14
H14
Minority status
Music/drama
Religious affiliation
State/district residency
Page 24CDS-H
Common Data Set 2006-07
I1
Full-time Part-time
Exclude Include only if
they teach
one or more
non-clinical
credit courses
Exclude Include if they
teach one or
more non-
clinical credit
courses
Exclude Include
Exclude Exclude
Include Exclude
Exclude Exclude
Exclude Include
I1 Full-Time Part-Time Total
I1
a)
1412 44 1456
I1
b)
192 4 196
I1
c)
444 13 457
I1
d)
968 31 999
I1
e)
62 1 63
I1
f)
1390 42 1432
I. INSTRUCTIONAL FACULTY AND CLASS SIZE
The following definition of full-time instructional faculty is used by the American Association of University Professors
(AAUP) in its annual Faculty Compensation Survey (the part time definitions are not used by AAUP). Instructional
Faculty is defined as those members of the instructional-research staff whose major regular assignment is instruction,
including those with released time for research. Use the chart below to determine inclusions and exclusions:
Total number of instructional faculty
Full-time instructional faculty: faculty employed on a full-time basis for instruction (including those with released time
for research)
Part-time instructional faculty:
A
djuncts and other instructors being paid solely for part-time classroom instruction. Also
includes full-time faculty teaching less than two semesters, three quarters, two trimesters, or two four-month sessions.
Employees who are not considered full-time instructional faculty but who teach one or more non-clinical credit courses
may be counted as part-time faculty.
Minority faculty: includes faculty who designate themselves as black, non-Hispanic; American Indian or Alaska Native;
Asian or Pacific Islander; or Hispanic.
Doctorate: includes such degrees as Doctor of Education, Doctor of Juridical Science, Doctor of Public Health, and
Doctor of Philosophy degree in any field such as agronomy, food technology, education, engineering, public
administration, ophthalmology, or radiology.
First-professional: includes the fields of dentistry (DDS or DMD), medicine (MD), optometry (OD), osteopathic
medicine (DO), pharmacy (DPharm or BPharm), podiatric medicine (DPM), veterinary medicine (DVM), chiropractic
(DC or DCM), law (JD) and theological professions (MDiv, MHL).
Terminal degree: the highest degree in a field: example, M. Arch (architecture) and MFA (master of fine arts).
Total number with doctorate, first professional, or other terminal
degree
Please report the number of instructional faculty members in each category for Fall 2006. Include
faculty who are on your institution’s payroll on the census date your institution uses for
IPEDS/AAUP
.
(a) instructional faculty in preclinical and clinical medicine, faculty who are not paid (e.g.,
those who donate their services or are in the military), or research-only faculty, post-
doctoral fellows, or pre-doctoral fellows
(b) administrative officers with titles such as dean of students, librarian, registrar, coach,
and the like, even though they may devote part of their time to classroom instruction and
may have faculty status
(c) other administrators/staff who teach one or more non-clinical credit courses even
though they do not have faculty status
(d) undergraduate or graduate students who assist in the instruction of courses, but
have titles such as teaching assistant, teaching fellow, and the like
(e) faculty on sabbatical or leave with pay
(f) faculty on leave without pay
(g) replacement faculty for faculty on sabbatical leave or leave with pay
Total number who are nonresident aliens (international)
Total number who are members of minority groups
Total number who are women
Total number who are men
Page 25CDS-I
Common Data Set 2006-07
I1
g)
14 2 16
I1
h)
606
I1
i)
202
I1
j)
I2
I2 18 to 1
(based on
29808
students
and
1627
faculty).
I3
I3
I3
I3 2-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-99 100+ Total
I3 348 1126 430 150 700 271 229 3254
I3 2-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-99 100+ Total
I3 93 377 85 19 175 27 24 800
CLASS
SECTIONS
Total number whose highest degree is a master's but not a terminal
master's
Total number whose highest degree is a bachelor's
Total number whose highest degree is unknown or other (Note:
Items f, g, h, and i must sum up to item a.)
Using the above definitions, please report for each of the following class-size intervals the number of class
sections and class subsections offered in Fall 2006. For example, a lecture class with 800 students who
met at another time in 40 separate labs with 20 students should be counted once in the “100+” column in
the class section column and 40 times under the “20-29” column of the class subsections table.
Class Subsections: A class subsection includes any subsection of a course, such as laboratory,
recitation, and discussion subsections that are supplementary in nature and are scheduled to meet
separately from the lecture portion of the course. Undergraduate subsections are defined as any
subsections of courses in which degree-seeking undergraduate students enrolled for credit. As above,
exclude noncredit classes and individual instruction such as dissertation or thesis research, music
instruction, or one-to-one readings. Each class subsection should be counted only once and should not be
duplicated because of cross-listings.
In the table below, please use the following definitions to report information about the size of classes and
class sections offered in the Fall 2006 term.
CLASS SUB
-
SECTIONS
Student to Faculty Ratio
Report the Fall 2006 ratio of full-time equivalent students (full-time plus 1/3 part time) to full-time equivalent
instructional faculty (full time plus 1/3 part time). In the ratio calculations, exclude both faculty and students
in stand-alone graduate or professional programs such as medicine, law, veterinary, dentistry, social work,
business, or public health in which faculty teach virtually only graduate-level students. Do not count
undergraduate or graduate student teaching assistants as faculty.
Fall 2006 Student to Faculty ratio
Undergraduate Class Size
Number of Class Sections with Undergraduates Enrolled
Undergraduate Class Size (provide numbers)
Class Sections: A class section is an organized course offered for credit, identified by discipline and
number, meeting at a stated time or times in a classroom or similar setting, and not a subsection such as a
laboratory or discussion session. Undergraduate class sections are defined as any sections in which at
least one degree-seeking undergraduate student is enrolled for credit. Exclude distance learning classes
and noncredit classes and individual instruction such as dissertation or thesis research, music instruction,
or one-to-one readings. Exclude students in independent study, co-operative programs, internships, foreign
language taped tutor sessions, practicums, and all students in one-on-one classes. Each class section
should be counted only once and should not be duplicated because of course catalog cross-listings.
Total number in stand-alone graduate/ professional programs in
which faculty teach virtually only graduate-level students
Page 26CDS-I
Common Data Set 2006-07
J1 De
g
rees conferred between Jul
y
1, 2005 and June 30, 2006
J1
J1
Category
Diploma/
Certificates
Associate Bachelor’s
CIP 2000 Categories
to Include
J1
Agriculture
1.30%
1
J1
Natural resources/environmental science
0.78%
3
J1
Architecture
2.57%
4
J1
Area and ethnic studies
0.93%
5
J1
Communications/journalism
9.58%
9
J1
Communication technologies
0.00%
10
J1
Computer and information sciences
1.51%
11
J1
Personal and culinary services
0.00%
12
J1
Education
9.92%
13
J1
Engineering
7.45%
14
J1
Engineering technologies
0.00%
15
J1
Foreign languages and literature
2.35%
16
J1
Family and consumer sciences
3.79%
19
J1
Law/legal studies
0.00%
22
J1
English
2.90%
23
J1
Liberal arts/general studies
0.00%
24
J1
Library science
0.00%
25
J1
Biological/life sciences
7.71%
26
J1
Mathematics
1.05%
27
J1
Military science and technologies
0.00%
29
J1
Interdisciplinary studies
2.01%
30
J1
Parks and recreation
0.00%
31
J1
Philosophy and religious studies
0.91%
38
J1
Theology and religious vocations
0.00%
39
J1
Physical sciences
1.92%
40
J1
Science technologies
0.00%
41
J1
Psychology
7.16%
42
J1
Security and protective services
0.00%
43
J1
Public administration and social services
0.71%
44
J1
Social sciences
9.57%
45
J1
Construction trades
0.00%
46
J1
Mechanic and repair technologies
0.00%
47
J1
Precision production
0.00%
48
J1
Transportation and materials moving
0.00%
49
J1
Visual and performing arts
5.08%
50
J1
Health professions and related sciences
4.12%
51
J1
Business/marketing
14.41%
52
J1
History
2.24%
54
J1
Other
0.00%
J1
TOTAL
(
should = 100%
)
0.00% 0.00% 100.00%
J. DEGREES CONFERRED
For each of the following discipline areas, provide the percentage of diplomas/certificates, associate, and
bachelor’s degrees awarded. To determine the percentage, use majors, not headcount (e.g., students with one
degree but a double major will be represented twice). Calculate the percentage from your institution’s IPEDS
Completions by using the sum of 1st and 2nd majors for each CIP code as the numerator and the sum of the
Grand Total by 1st Majors and the Grand Total by 2nd major as the denominator. If you prefer, you can compute
the percentages using 1st majors only.
Page 27CDS-J
Common Data Set 2006-07
J1
Category Associate
Bachelor’s
Degree
Bachelor’s with
2nd Majo
r
CIP 2000 Categories
to Include
J1
Agriculture
73
1
J1
Natural resources/environmental science
44
3
J1
Architecture
144
4
J1
Area and ethnic studies
52 13
5
J1
Communications/journalism
538 20
9
J1
Communication technologies
0
10
J1
Computer and information sciences
85 6
11
J1
Personal and culinary services
0
12
J1
Education
557 2
13
J1
Engineering
418
14
J1
Engineering technologies
0
15
J1
Foreign languages and literature
132 49
16
J1
Family and consumer sciences
213
19
J1
Law/legal studies
0
22
J1
English
163 44
23
J1
Liberal arts/general studies
0
24
J1
Library science
0
25
J1
Biological/life sciences
433 22
26
J1
Mathematics
59 3
27
J1
Military science and technologies
0
29
J1
Interdisciplinary studies
113
30
J1
Parks and recreation
0
31
J1
Philosophy and religious studies
51 18
38
J1
Theology and religious vocations
0
39
J1
Physical sciences
105 13
40
J1
Science technologies
3
41
J1
Psychology
402 10
42
J1
Security and protective services
27
43
J1
Public administration and social services
13 5
44
J1
Social sciences
537 46
45
J1
Construction trades
0
46
J1
Mechanic and repair technologies
0
47
J1
Precision production
0
48
J1
Transportation and materials moving
0
49
J1
Visual and performing arts
285 20
50
J1
Health professions and related sciences
231 1
51
J1
Business/marketing
809 110
52
J1
History
126 19
54
J1
Other
J1
TOTAL (headcount) 5613 401
Page 28J Supplement
Common Data Set 2006-07
Common Data Set Definitions
All definitions related to the financial aid section appear at the end of the Definitions document.
Items preceded by an asterisk (*) represent definitions agreed to among publishers which do not appear on
the CDS document but may be present on individual publishers’ surveys.
*Academic advisement: Plan under which each student is assigned to a faculty member or a trained adviser,
who, through regular meetings, helps the student plan and implement immediate and long-term academic and
vocational
g
oals.
Accelerated program: Completion of a college program of study in fewer than the usual number of years,
most often by attending summer sessions and carrying extra courses during the regular academic term.
Admitted student:
App
licant who is offered admission to a de
g
ree-
g
rantin
g
p
ro
g
ram at
y
our institution.
*Adult student services: Admission assistance, support, orientation, and other services expressly for adults
who have started colle
g
e for the first time, or who are re-enterin
g
after a la
p
se of a few
y
ears.
American Indian or Alaska native: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North America
and who maintains cultural identification throu
g
h tribal affiliation or communit
y
reco
g
nition.
Applicant (first-time, first year):
A
n individual who has fulfilled the institution’s requirements to be considered
for admission (including payment or waiving of the application fee, if any) and who has been notified of one of
the following actions: admission, nonadmission, placement on waiting list, or application withdrawn (by
a
pp
licant or institution
)
.
Application fee: That amount of money that an institution charges for processing a student’s application for
acceptance. This amount is not creditable toward tuition and required fees, nor is it refundable if the student is
not admitted to the institution.
Asian or Pacific Islander: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast
Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, or Pacific Islands. This includes people from China, Japan, Korea, the
Phili
pp
ine Islands, American Samoa, India, and Vietnam.
Associate degree: An award that normally requires at least two but less than four years of full-time equivalent
colle
g
e work.
Bachelor’s degree: An award (baccalaureate or equivalent degree, as determined by the Secretary of the
U.S. Department of Education) that normally requires at least four years but not more than five years of full-
time equivalent college-level work. This includes ALL bachelor’s degrees conferred in a five-year cooperative
(work-study plan) program. (A cooperative plan provides for alternate class attendance and employment in
business, industry, or government; thus, it allows students to combine actual work experience with their
college studies.) Also, it includes bachelor’s degrees in which the normal four years of work are completed in
three
y
ears.
Black, non-Hispanic: A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa (except those of
His
p
anic ori
g
in
)
.
Board
(
char
g
es
)
:
A
ssume avera
g
e cost for 19 meals
p
er week or the maximum meal
p
lan.
Books and supplies (costs): Average cost of books and supplies. Do not include unusual costs for special
groups of students (e.g., engineering or art majors), unless they constitute the majority of students at your
institution.
Calendar system: The method by which an institution structures most of its courses for the academic year.
*Career and placement services: A range of services, including (often) the following: coordination of visits of
employers to campus; aptitude and vocational testing; interest inventories, personal counseling; help in
resume writing, interviewing, launching the job search; listings for those students desiring employment and
those seeking permanent positions; establishment of a permanent reference folder; career resource materials.
Carne
g
ie units: One
y
ear of stud
y
or the e
q
uivalent in a secondar
y
school sub
j
ect
.
Page 29CDS Definitions
Common Data Set 2006-07
Certificate: See Postsecondar
y
award, certificate, or di
p
loma.
Class rank: The relative numerical position of a student in his or her graduating class, calculated by the high
school on the basis of
g
rade-
p
oint avera
g
e, whether wei
g
hted or unwei
g
hted
.
College-preparatory program: Courses in academic subjects (English, history and social studies, foreign
languages, mathematics, science, and the arts) that stress preparation for college or university study.
Common Application: The standard application form distributed by the National Association of Secondary
School Principals for a large number of private colleges who are members of the Common Application Group.
*Community service program: Referral center for students wishing to perform volunteer work in the
communit
y
or
p
artici
p
ate in volunteer activities coordinated b
y
academic de
p
artments.
Commuter: A student who lives off campus in housing that is not owned by, operated by, or affiliated with the
college. This category includes students who commute from home and students who have moved to the area
to attend colle
g
e.
Contact hour: A unit of measure that represents an hour of scheduled instruction given to students. Also
referred to as clock hour.
Continuous basis (for program enrollment):
A
calendar system classification that is used by institutions that
enroll students at any time during the academic year. For example, a cosmetology school or a word
processing school might allow students to enroll and begin studies at various times, with no requirement that
classes be
g
in on a certain date.
Cooperative education program: A program that provides for alternate class attendance and employment in
business, industr
y
, or
g
overnment.
Cooperative housing: College-owned, -operated, or -affiliated housing in which students share room and
board ex
p
enses and
p
artici
p
ate in household chores to reduce livin
g
ex
p
enses.
*Counseling service: Activities designed to assist students in making plans and decisions related to their
education, career, or
p
ersonal develo
p
ment.
Credit: Recognition of attendance or performance in an instructional activity (course or program) that can be
applied by a recipient toward the requirements for a degree, diploma, certificate, or other formal award.
Credit course: A course that, if successfully completed, can be applied toward the number of courses
re
q
uired for achievin
g
a de
g
ree, di
p
loma, certificate, or other formal award.
Credit hour: A unit of measure representing an hour (50 minutes) of instruction over a 15-week period in a
semester or trimester system or a 10-week period in a quarter system. It is applied toward the total number of
hours needed for completing the requirements of a degree, diploma, certificate, or other formal award.
Cross-registration: A system whereby students enrolled at one institution may take courses at another
institution without havin
g
to a
pp
l
y
to the second institution
.
Deferred admission: The practice of permitting admitted students to postpone enrollment, usually for a period
of one academic term or one
y
ear.
Degree: An award conferred by a college, university, or other postsecondary education institution as official
reco
g
nition for the successful com
p
letion of a
p
ro
g
ram of studies.
Degree-seeking students: Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as
seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in
vocational or occu
p
ational
p
ro
g
rams.
Differs by program (calendar system): A calendar system classification that is used by institutions that have
occupational/vocational programs of varying length. These schools may enroll students at specific times
depending on the program desired. For example, a school might offer a two-month program in January,
March, May, September, and November; and a three-month program in January, April, and October.
Di
p
loma: See Postsecondar
y
award, certificate, or di
p
loma.
Distance learning: An option for earning course credit at off-campus locations via cable television, internet,
satellite classes, videota
p
es, corres
p
ondence courses, or other means.
Page 30CDS Definitions
Common Data Set 2006-07
Doctoral degree: The highest award a student can earn for graduate study. The doctoral degree classification
includes such degrees as Doctor of Education, Doctor of Juridical Science, Doctor of Public Health, and the
Doctor of Philosophy degree in any field such as agronomy, food technology, education, engineering, public
administration, ophthalmology, or radiology. For the Doctor of Public Health degree, the prior degree is
generally earned in the closely related field of medicine or in sanitary engineering.
Double major: Program in which students may complete two undergraduate programs of study
simultaneousl
y
.
Dual enrollment: A program through which high school students may enroll in college courses while still
enrolled in high school. Students are not required to apply for admission to the college in order to participate.
Early action plan: An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision
well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll; the
student ma
y
re
p
l
y
to the offer under the colle
g
e’s re
g
ular re
p
l
y
p
olic
y.
Early admission: A policy under which students who have not completed high school are admitted and enroll
full time in colle
g
e, usuall
y
after com
p
letion of their
j
unior
y
ear.
Early decision plan: A plan that permits students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and
financial aid offer if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an
offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible
decisions for early decision applicants: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with
the re
g
ular a
pp
licant
p
ool, without
p
re
j
udice.
English as a Second Language (ESL): A course of study designed specifically for students whose native
lan
g
ua
g
e is not En
g
lish.
Exchange student program-domestic:
A
ny arrangement between a student and a college that permits study
for a semester or more at another college in the United States without extending the amount of time required
for a de
g
ree. See also Stud
y
abroad.
External degree program: A program of study in which students earn credits toward a degree through
independent study, college courses, proficiency examinations, and personal experience. External degree
p
ro
g
rams re
q
uire minimal or no classroom attendance.
Extracurricular activities (as admission factor): Special consideration in the admissions process given for
participation in both school and nonschool-related activities of interest to the college, such as clubs, hobbies,
student
g
overnment, athletics,
p
erformin
g
arts, etc.
First professional certificate (postdegree): An award that requires completion of an organized program of
study designed for persons who have completed the first professional degree. Examples could be refresher
courses or additional units of stud
y
in a s
p
ecialt
y
or subs
p
ecialt
y.
First professional degree: An award in one of the following fields: Chiropractic (DC, DCM), dentistry (DDS,
DMD), medicine (MD), optometry (OD), osteopathic medicine (DO), rabbinical and Talmudic studies (MHL,
Rav), Pharmacy (BPharm, PharmD), podiatry (PodD, DP, DPM), veterinary medicine (DVM), law (LLB, JD),
divinit
y
/ministr
y
(
BD, MDiv
)
.
First-time student: A student attending any institution for the first time at the level enrolled. Includes students
enrolled in the fall term who attended a postsecondary institution for the first time at the same level in the prior
summer term. Also includes students who entered with advanced standing (college credit earned before
g
raduation from hi
g
h school
)
.
First-time, first-year (freshman) student: A student attending any institution for the first time at the
undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the
prior summer term. Also includes students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before
g
raduation from hi
g
h school
)
.
First-year student: A student who has completed less than the equivalent of 1 full year of undergraduate
work; that is, less than 30 semester hours (in a 120-hour degree program) or less than 900 contact hours.
Freshman:
A
first-
y
ear under
g
raduate student.
Page 31CDS Definitions
Common Data Set 2006-07
*Freshman/new student orientation: Orientation addressing the academic, social, emotional, and intellectual
issues involved in beginning college. May be a few hours or a few days in length; at some colleges, there is a
fee.
Full-time student (undergraduate): A student enrolled for 12 or more semester credits, 12 or more quarter
credits, or 24 or more contact hours a week each term.
Geographical residence (as admission factor): Special consideration in the admission process given to
students from a
p
articular re
g
ion, state, or countr
y
of residence.
Grade-point average (academic high school GPA): The sum of grade points a student has earned in
secondary school divided by the number of courses taken. The most common system of assigning numbers to
grades counts four points for an A, three points for a B, two points for a C, one point for a D, and no points for
an E or F. Unweighted GPA’s assign the same weight to each course. Weighting gives students additional
p
oints for their
g
rades in advanced or honors courses.
Graduate student: A student who holds a bachelor’s or first professional degree, or equivalent, and is taking
courses at the
p
ost-baccalaureate level.
*Health services: Free or low cost on-campus primary and preventive health care available to students.
High school diploma or recognized equivalent: A document certifying the successful completion of a
prescribed secondary school program of studies, or the attainment of satisfactory scores on the Tests of
General Educational Develo
p
ment
(
GED
)
, or another state-s
p
ecified examination.
Hispanic: A person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture or
ori
g
in, re
g
ardless of race.
Honors program: Any special program for very able students offering the opportunity for educational
enrichment, inde
p
endent stud
y
, acceleration, or some combination of these.
Independent study: Academic work chosen or designed by the student with the approval of the department
concerned, under an instructor’s supervision, and usually undertaken outside of the regular classroom
structure.
In-state tuition: The tuition charged by institutions to those students who meet the state’s or institution’s
residenc
y
re
q
uirements.
International student: See Nonresident alien.
Internship: Any short-term, supervised work experience usually related to a student’s major field, for which
the student earns academic credit. The work can be full- or part-time, on- or off-campus, paid or unpaid.
*Learning center: Center offering assistance through tutors, workshops, computer programs, or audiovisual
equipment in reading, writing, math, and skills such as taking notes, managing time, taking tests.
*Le
g
al services: Free or low cost le
g
al advice for a ran
g
e of issues
(p
ersonal and other
)
.
Liberal arts/career combination: Program in which a student earns undergraduate degrees in two separate
fields, one in a liberal arts major and the other in a professional or specialized major, whether on campus or
throu
g
h crossre
g
istration.
Master’s degree: An award that requires the successful completion of a program of study of at least the full-
time equivalent of one but not more than two academic years of work beyond the bachelor’s degree.
Minority affiliation (as admission factor): Special consideration in the admission process for members of
desi
g
nated racial/ethnic minorit
y
g
rou
p
s.
*Minority student center: Center with programs, activities, and/or services intended to enhance the college
ex
p
erience of students of color.
Nonresident alien: A person who is not a citizen or national of the United States and who is in this country on
a visa or tem
p
orar
y
basis and does not have the ri
g
ht to remain indefinitel
y.
*On-campus day care: Licensed day care for students’ children (usually age 3 and up); usually for a fee.
Page 32CDS Definitions
Common Data Set 2006-07
Open admission:
A
dmission policy under which virtually all secondary school graduates or students with GE
D
equivalency diplomas are admitted without regard to academic record, test scores, or other qualifications.
Other expenses (costs): Include average costs for clothing, laundry, entertainment, medical (if not a required
fee
)
, and furnishin
g
s.
Out-of-state tuition: The tuition charged by institutions to those students who do not meet the institution’s or
state’s residenc
y
re
q
uirements.
Part-time student (undergraduate): A student enrolled for fewer than 12 credits per semester or quarter, or
fewer than 24 contact hours a week each term.
*Personal counseling: One-on-one or group counseling with trained professionals for students who want to
ex
p
lore
p
ersonal, educational, or vocational issues.
Post-baccalaureate certificate: An award that requires completion of an organized program of study
requiring 18 credit hours beyond the bachelor’s; designed for persons who have completed a baccalaureate
degree but do not meet the requirements of academic degrees carrying the title of master.
Post-master’s certificate: An award that requires completion of an organized program of study of 24 credit
hours beyond the master’s degree but does not meet the requirements of academic degrees at the doctoral
level.
Postsecondary award, certificate, or diploma: Includes the following three IPEDS definitions for
postsecondary awards, certificates, and diplomas of varying durations and credit/contact hour requirements—
Less Than 1 Academic Year: Requires completion of an organized program of study at the postsecondary
level (below the baccalaureate degree) in less than 1 academic year (2 semesters or 3 quarters) or in less
than 900 contact hours b
y
a student enrolled full-time.
At Least 1 But Less Than 2 Academic Years: Requires completion of an organized program of study at the
postsecondary level (below the baccalaureate degree) in at least 1 but less than 2 full-time equivalent
academic years, or designed for completion in at least 30 but less than 60 credit hours, or in at least 900 but
less than 1,800 contact hours.
At Least 2 But Less Than 4 Academic Years: Requires completion of an organized program of study at the
postsecondary level (below the baccalaureate degree) in at least 2 but less than 4 full-time equivalent
academic years, or designed for completion in at least 60 but less than 120 credit hours, or in at least 1,800
but less than 3,600 contact hours.
Private institution: An educational institution controlled by a private individual(s) or by a nongovernmental
agency, usually supported primarily by other than public funds, and operated by other than publicly elected or
a
pp
ointed officials.
Private for-profit institution: A private institution in which the individual(s) or agency in control receives
com
p
ensation, other than wa
g
es, rent, or other ex
p
enses for the assum
p
tion of risk.
Private nonprofit institution: A private institution in which the individual(s) or agency in control receives no
compensation, other than wages, rent, or other expenses for the assumption of risk. These include both
inde
p
endent non
p
rofit schools and those affiliated with a reli
g
ious or
g
anization
.
Pro
p
rietar
y
institution: See Private for-
p
rofit institution.
Public institution: An educational institution whose programs and activities are operated by publicly elected
or a
pp
ointed school officials, and which is su
pp
orted
p
rimaril
y
b
y
p
ublic funds.
Quarter calendar system: A calendar system in which the academic year consists of three sessions called
quarters of about 12 weeks each. The range may be from 10 to 15 weeks. There may be an additional quarter
in the summer.
Race/ethnicity: Category used to describe groups to which individuals belong, identify with, or belong in the
eyes of the community. The categories do not denote scientific definitions of anthropological origins. A person
ma
y
be counted in onl
y
one
g
rou
p
.
Race/ethnicity unknown: Category used to classify students or employees whose race/ethnicity is not known
and whom institutions are unable to
p
lace in one of the s
p
ecified racial/ethnic cate
g
ories.
Page 33CDS Definitions
Common Data Set 2006-07
Religious affiliation/commitment (as admission factor): Special consideration given in the admission
process for affiliation with a certain church or faith/religion, commitment to a religious vocation, or observance
of certain reli
g
ious tenets/lifest
y
le.
*Religious counseling: One-on-one or group counseling with trained professionals for students who want to
ex
p
lore reli
g
ious
p
roblems or issues.
*Remedial services: Instructional courses designed for students deficient in the general competencies
necessar
y
for a re
g
ular
p
ostsecondar
y
curriculum and educational settin
g
.
Required fees: Fixed sum charged to students for items not covered by tuition and required of such a large
proportion of all students that the student who does NOT pay is the exception. Do not include application fees
or o
p
tional fees such as lab fees or
p
arkin
g
fees.
Resident alien or other eligible non-citizen: A person who is not a citizen or national of the United States
and who has been admitted as a legal immigrant for the purpose of obtaining permanent resident alien status
(and who holds either an alien registration card [Form I-551 or I-151], a Temporary Resident Card [Form I-
688], or an Arrival-Departure Record [Form I-94] with a notation that conveys legal immigrant status, such as
Section 207 Refugee, Section 208 Asylee, Conditional Entrant Parolee or Cuban-Haitian).
Room and board (charges)—on campus: Assume double occupancy in institutional housing and 19 meals
p
er week
(
or maximum meal
p
lan
)
.
Secondary school record (as admission factor): Information maintained by the secondary school that may
include such things as the student’s high school transcript, class rank, GPA, and teacher and counselor
recommendations.
Semester calendar system: A calendar system that consists of two semesters during the academic year with
about 16 weeks for each semester of instruction. There may be an additional summer session.
Student-designed major: A program of study based on individual interests, designed with the assistance of
an adviser.
Study abroad: Any arrangement by which a student completes part of the college program studying in
another country. Can be at a campus abroad or through a cooperative agreement with some other U.S.
colle
g
e or an institution of another countr
y
.
*Summer session: A summer session is shorter than a regular semester and not considered part of the
academic year. It is not the third term of an institution operating on a trimester system or the fourth term of an
institution operating on a quarter calendar system. The institution may have 2 or more sessions occurring in
the summer months. Some schools, such as vocational and beauty schools, have year-round classes with no
se
p
arate summer session.
Talent/ability (as admission factor): Special consideration given to students with demonstrated
talent/abilities in areas of interest to the institution
(
e.
g
., s
p
orts, the arts, lan
g
ua
g
es, etc.
)
.
Teacher certification program: Program designed to prepare students to meet the requirements for
certification as teachers in elementar
y
, middle/
j
unior hi
g
h, and secondar
y
schools.
Transfer applicant: An individual who has fulfilled the institution’s requirements to be considered for
admission (including payment or waiving of the application fee, if any) and who has previously attended
another colle
g
e or universit
y
and earned colle
g
e-level credit.
Transfer student: A student entering the institution for the first time but known to have previously attended a
postsecondary institution at the same level (e.g., undergraduate). The student may transfer with or without
credit.
Transportation (costs): Assume two round trips to student’s hometown per year for students in institutional
housin
g
or dail
y
travel to and from
y
our institution for commuter students.
Trimester calendar s
y
stem:
A
n academic
y
ear consistin
g
of 3 terms of about 15 weeks each.
Tuition: Amount of money charged to students for instructional services. Tuition may be charged per term,
p
er course, or
p
er credit.
*Tutoring: May range from one-on-one tutoring in specific subjects to tutoring in an area such as math,
reading, or writing. Most tutors are college students; at some colleges, they are specially trained and certified.
Page 34CDS Definitions
Common Data Set 2006-07
Unit: a standard of measurement representing hours of academic instruction (e.g., semester credit, quarter
credit, contact hour
)
.
Undergraduate: A student enrolled in a four- or five-year bachelor’s degree program, an associate degree
p
ro
g
ram, or a vocational or technical
p
ro
g
ram below the baccalaureate.
*Veteran’s counseling: Helps veterans and their dependents obtain benefits for their selected program and
provides certifications to the Veteran’s Administration. May also provide personal counseling on the transition
from the militar
y
to a civilian life.
*Visually impaired: Any person whose sight loss is not correctable and is sufficiently severe as to adversely
affect educational
p
erformance.
Volunteer work (as admission factor): Special consideration given to students for activity done on a
volunteer basis (e.g., tutoring, hospital care, working with the elderly or disabled) as a service to the
communit
y
or the
p
ublic in
g
eneral.
Wait list: List of students who meet the admission requirements but will only be offered a place in the class if
s
p
ace becomes available.
Weekend college: A program that allows students to take a complete course of study and attend classes only
on weekends.
White, non-Hispanic: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, North Africa, or the
Middle East
(
exce
p
t those of His
p
anic ori
g
in
)
.
*Women’s center: Center with programs, academic activities, and/or services intended to promote an
understandin
g
of the evolvin
g
roles of women.
Work experience (as admission factor): Special consideration given to students who have been employed
prior to application, whether for relevance to major, demonstration of employment-related skills, or as
ex
p
lanation of student’s academic and extracurricular record.
Financial Aid Definitions
Awarded aid: The dollar amounts offered to financial aid a
pp
licants.
External scholarships and grants: Scholarships and grants received from outside (private) sources that
students bring with them (e.g., Kiwanis, National Merit scholarships). The institution may process paperwork to
receive the dollars, but it has no role in determining the recipient or the dollar amount awarded.
Financial aid applicant: Any applicant who submits any one of the institutionally required financial aid
a
pp
lications/forms, such as the FAFSA.
Indebtedness: Aggregate dollar amount borrowed through any loan program (federal, state, subsidized,
unsubsidized, private, etc.; excluding parent loans) while the student was enrolled at an institution. Student
loans co-signed by a parent are assumed to be the responsibility of the student and should be included.
Institutional scholarships and grants: Endowed scholarships, annual gifts and tuition funded grants for
which the institution determines the recipient.
Financial need: As determined by your institution using the federal methodology and/or your institution's own
standards.
Need-based aid: College-funded or college-administered award from institutional, state, federal, or other
sources for which a student must have financial need to qualify. This includes both institutional and
noninstitutional student aid
(g
rants,
j
obs, and loans
)
.
Need-based scholarship or grant aid: Scholarships and grants from institutional, state, federal, or other
sources for which a student must have financial need to
q
ualif
y
.
Need-based self-help aid: Loans and jobs from institutional, state, federal, or other sources for which a
student must demonstrate financial need to
q
ualif
y
.
Page 35CDS Definitions
Common Data Set 2006-07
Non-need-based scholarship or grant aid: Scholarships and grants, gifts, or merit-based aid from
institutional, state, federal, or other sources (including unrestricted funds or gifts and endowment income)
awarded solely on the basis of academic achievement, merit, or any other non-need-based reason. When
reporting questions H1 and H2, non-need-based aid that is used to meet need should be counted as need-
based aid.
Note: Su
gg
ested order of
p
recedence for countin
g
non-need mone
y
as need-based:
Non-need institutional grants
Non-need tuition waivers
Non-need athletic awards
Non-need federal grants
Non-need state grants
Non-need outside grants
Non-need student loans
Non-need parent loans
Non-need work
Non-need-based self-help aid: Loans and jobs from institutional, state, or other sources for which a student
need not demonstrate financial need to
q
ualif
y
.
Work study and employment: Federal and state work study aid, and any employment packaged by your
institution in financial aid awards.
Page 36CDS Definitions
