Georgia’s Open
Meetings and Open
Records Laws
A GUIDE FOR COUNTY OFFICIALS
7TH EDITION
DISCLAIMER: This publication contains general
information for the use of the members of ACCG and
the public. This information is not and should not
be considered legal advice. Readers should consult
with legal counsel before taking action based on the
information contained in this handbook.
Copyright 2016, ACCG. ACCG serves as the
consensus building, training, and legislative
organization for all 159 county governments in
Georgia. For more information, visit: accg.org.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 7
OPEN MEETINGS LAW ............................................................................................ 8
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................................... 8
Agencies Subject to the Open Meetings Law ........................................................... 8
Meetings Subject to the Open Meetings Law .......................................................... 9
GATHERINGS NOT SUBJECT TO THE OPEN MEETINGS LAW ..................................... 11
Inspection of Physical Facilities ........................................................................... 11
Statewide, Multijurisdictional, or Regional Meetings .............................................. 11
Meetings with State or Federal Officials................................................................ 11
Carpooling ........................................................................................................ 11
Social, Civil, Ceremonial, or Religious Events ........................................................ 11
MEETINGS EXCLUDED FROM THE OPEN MEETINGS LAW ........................................ 12
Staff Meetings for Investigative Purposes .............................................................. 12
Meetings of Law Enforcement Agencies ............................................................... 12
Meetings of a Public Hospital Regarding Staff Privileges/Abortions/Strategies ............ 12
Incidental Conversation Unrelated to the Business of the County ............................. 12
E-Mail Communications ..................................................................................... 12
PUBLIC ACCESS, NOTICE, AND RECORDING OF MEETINGS .................................... 14
Holding Open Meetings via Teleconference ........................................................... 15
Commissioners Participating in Open Meetings via Teleconference .......................... 16
Notice of a Regularly Scheduled Meeting ............................................................. 18
Notice of a Special Called Meeting ...................................................................... 19
Notice of an Emergency Meeting ......................................................................... 20
Meeting Agendas .............................................................................................. 21
Voting in an Open Meeting ................................................................................. 22
Preparing a Summary of an Open Meeting ........................................................... 23
Preparing Minutes of an Open Meeting ................................................................ 23
EXECUTIVE SESSIONS ........................................................................................... 25
Meetings That May Be Closed............................................................................. 26
To Discuss Litigation with the County Attorney ................................................ 26
To Discuss Confidential Tax Matters ............................................................... 27
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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To Authorize Settlements to Lawsuits and Claims Involving the County .............. 27
To Discuss Real Estate Decisions by the County .............................................. 28
To Discuss Personnel Issues ......................................................................... 29
Meetings of the Board of Trustees or Investment Committee of Public
Retirement Systems ..................................................................................... 31
Meetings to Discuss Records That Are Exempt ................................................ 31
How to Close a Meeting and Properly Hold an Executive Session ............................ 32
Responsibilities of the Presiding Officer in an Executive Session ........................ 33
Executive Session Affidavit ........................................................................... 34
Preparing Minutes of an Executive Session ..................................................... 34
ENFORCEMENT OF THE OPEN MEETINGS LAW ....................................................... 36
Actions to Enforce the Open Meetings Law ........................................................... 36
When an Action Must Be Filed............................................................................ 37
Effect of Illegal Meeting on Decisions ................................................................... 37
Court Costs and Attorneys’ Fees .......................................................................... 38
Criminal Penalty for Open Meetings Law Violation ................................................. 39
Civil Penalty for Open Meetings Law Violation ....................................................... 39
Defense Against Lawsuit for Releasing Information in Open Meeting ........................ 40
OPEN RECORDS LAW ........................................................................................... 41
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................... 41
Right to Personally Inspect, Copy, or Photograph Open Records .............................. 41
Process of Complying with Open Records Law ...................................................... 41
Agencies Subject to the Open Records Law .......................................................... 44
Public Records That Must Be Released ................................................................ 44
County Records Retention Requirements .............................................................. 48
Open Records Officer/Custodian .......................................................................... 49
Duty to Use Economical Means of Providing Copies .............................................. 50
Electronic Access to Records .............................................................................. 51
Access to E-Mail, Texts, and Other Electronic Messages ......................................... 52
Time Limit for Responding to a Request and Producing Available Records ................ 53
Responding to Requests for Open Records That Are Exempt ................................... 55
When Only a Portion of a Record Falls Within an Exemption .................................. 56
Requests for Records by Parties to a Civil Lawsuit ................................................. 57
Table of Contents continued
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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Fees and Charges for Fulfilling Records Requests .................................................. 58
Fees for Copies of Public Records .............................................................. 58
Administrative Charges for Search, Retrieval, and Other Costs of
Complying with a Request ........................................................................ 58
Fees When Records Are Requested by Other Public Agencies ........................ 60
Fees for Trial Exhibits ............................................................................... 61
Fees for Records on Electronic Media ......................................................... 62
Fees for Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Records ............................... 62
Providing a Fee Before Searching for/Copying Records .................................. 63
Collecting Unpaid Copying and Administrative Charges ................................ 64
Records That Do Not Exist ................................................................................. 65
RECORDS EXEMPTED FROM THE OPEN RECORDS LAW .......................................... 66
Exempt Records: Disclosure Prohibited ................................................................ 66
Records Prohibited by Court Order ............................................................. 66
Records Where Confidentiality Is Required by the Federal Government ........... 67
Medical Records and Invasion of Privacy .................................................... 67
Personal Information in Public Records ...................................................... 69
Personal Information About Public Employees and Officials .......................... 72
Electronic Signatures ............................................................................... 74
Records of Children Participating in Public Recreation Programs ................... 74
Portions of Records Containing Trade Secrets .............................................. 74
Portions of Records Containing Proprietary Information ................................ 76
Records Containing Confidential Tax Matters ............................................... 76
Computer Programs and Software ............................................................. 77
Original Trial Exhibits ............................................................................... 78
Vital Records .......................................................................................... 79
Cable and Video Service Provider Financial Information ................................ 80
Records of Confidential Employee Evaluations ............................................. 81
Exempt Records: Disclosure Discretionary ............................................................ 81
Records Where Public Access Is Not Required by Law ................................. 81
Records Identifying Confidential Sources or Investigative Materials ................ 81
Accident Reports ..................................................................................... 82
Records Disclosing the Location of Certain Historic Properties ....................... 84
Records Disclosing the Location of Rare Plants and Animals ......................... 85
Burglar Alarm, Fire Alarm, and Security System Information ......................... 85
Table of Contents continued
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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Table of Contents continued
Neighborhood Watch and Public Safety Notification Programs ...................... 85
Records Containing Information About Rideshare Participants ....................... 86
Records That Could Compromise Public Security ......................................... 86
Written Records and Recordings of 9-1-1 Calls ........................................... 88
Audio and Video Recordings ..................................................................... 89
Applications for Licenses to Possess Firearms ............................................. 89
Records Subject to the Attorney-Client Privilege .......................................... 89
Attorney Work Product Records ................................................................. 91
Records Related to County Liability and Self-Insurance ................................ 91
Exempt Records: Public Access May Be Withheld Temporarily ................................ 92
Records of Pending Investigation of Law Enforcement, Prosecution, or
Regulatory Agencies ................................................................................ 92
Records of Personnel Investigations ........................................................... 93
Records About Future or Potential County Purchase of Real Estate ................ 93
Pending Bids and Proposals ...................................................................... 94
Records Identifying Applicants for County Manager/Administrator and
Other Executive Agency Heads .................................................................. 95
Records With Historical Research Value ..................................................... 97
MISCELLANEOUS EXEMPTIONS ............................................................................. 98
The General Assembly ....................................................................................... 98
Records Containing Farm Water Use .................................................................... 98
Research by Institutions of Higher Education ........................................................ 98
Public Education Testing Materials/Athletic Associations ........................................ 98
State Health Departments and Higher Education Research Participants ................... 99
Office of Legislative Counsel ............................................................................... 99
ENFORCEMENT OF THE OPEN RECORDS LAW ........................................................ 99
Filing an Action to Enforce the Open Records Law ................................................. 99
Criminal Prosecution of Open Records Law Violations .......................................... 100
Criminal Penalty for Open Records Law Violations ............................................... 101
Civil Penalty for Open Records Law Violations..................................................... 102
Defense Against Lawsuit for Releasing Information Under the Open Records Law ... 103
Court Costs and Attorneys’ Fees
....................................................................... 103
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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Table of Contents continued
RESOURCES ....................................................................................................... 105
OPEN MEETINGS MODEL FORMS ......................................................................... 105
Model Executive Session Affidavits .................................................................... 106
Model Executive Session Minutes ...................................................................... 110
Model Resolution Approving Executive Session Minutes ....................................... 113
OPEN RECORDS MODEL FORMS .......................................................................... 114
Model Open Records Officer Resolution ............................................................. 115
Model Open Records Law Policy ....................................................................... 116
Model Open Records Request ........................................................................... 123
Model Responses to Open Records Act Requests ................................................ 125
When Documents Are Available Within Three Business Days ........................... 125
When Records Are Not Available Within Three Days ....................................... 129
When an Error Is Discovered in the Designation of an Exemption ..................... 134
Model Log of Open Records Request ................................................................. 138
Model Request from News Media Representative for Social Security and
Day and Month of Birth ................................................................................... 139
Model Statement of Need Required to Obtain Accident Reports ............................ 140
OPEN MEETINGS COURT DECISIONS AND ATTORNEY GENERAL OPINIONS ........... 141
OPEN RECORDS COURT DECISIONS AND ATTORNEY GENERAL OPINIONS ............ 152
OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS STATUTORY REFERENCES ........................ 167
SUMMARY OF OPEN MEETINGS LAW EXEMPTIONS .............................................. 170
SUMMARY OF OPEN RECORDS LAW EXEMPTIONS ............................................... 173
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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Introduction
Trust in the actions of elected officials is critical to the continued
success of our representative form of government. A key factor in
fostering this trust is the ease of access to meetings and records of
local governments and other public agencies. Georgia’s open meetings
and open records laws support this concept, making it clear that the
citizens of Georgia have a right to observe the process by which local
officials make decisions affecting their pocketbooks and daily lives.
The open records law imposes serious obligations on public agencies
to provide access to, or copies of, almost all records. While there are
exemptions that county officials should be aware of regarding both
meetings and records, Georgia courts have made it very clear that
both laws will be construed in favor of citizens seeking access and
against any public agencies that would deny access.
With the critical importance of openness in mind, the ACCG has
prepared this guide to assist public officials in complying with these
requirements. The guide is presented primarily in a frequently asked
questions (FAQs) format and reflects statutory changes through the
2016 session of the Georgia General Assembly. In addition, readers
will find a series of model forms and policies to assist in administering
and complying with the law, attorney general opinion and case
law summaries, and concise summaries of exemptions to the open
meetings and open records laws.
Keep in mind that the model forms and policies provided are
suggested forms and policies. As with any template, it is critical that
the county attorney be directly involved in the adoption and use of any
of these models.
In conclusion, the open meetings and open records laws contain
numerous hazards and potential pitfalls for public servants. This guide
focuses on helping county officials navigate those hazards and on
answering most, if not all, questions that may arise.
PLEASE NOTE
Throughout this guide, the term “county”
has been substituted for “agency” for
convenience and to more clearly inform
county commissioners and staff on how
this law should be specifically applied to
county government. However, as written
in law, the term “agency” applies to every
state department, agency, board, bureau,
office, commission, public corporation, and
authority as well as boards, committees,
and departments within local governments.
Also for convenience, the term “board
of commissioners” is used throughout
to reflect the county governing authority
regardless of whether the county governing
authority for a specific county is a board
of commissioners, a sole commissioner,
or the governing body of a consolidated
government.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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Open Meetings Law
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
The governing bodies of state agencies and local governments (i.e., boards of commissioners, city
councils, or school boards), organizations that carry out a governmental function on behalf of state or
local governing authorities, committees created by a board of commissioners, and private nonprofit
entities and organizations that receive at least 1/3 of their operating expenses from state, county, or city
sources are all subject to the open meetings law.
AGENCIES SUBJECT TO THE OPEN MEETINGS LAW
The open meetings law applies to
•everystatedepartment,agency,board,bureau,ofce,
commission, public corporation, and authority;
•everycounty,city,schooldistrict,orotherpolitical
subdivision of this state;
•everydepartment,agency,board,bureau,ofce,
commission, authority, or similar body of each such
county, city, or other political subdivision of the state;
•everycity,county,regional,orotherauthorityestablished
pursuant to the laws of this state; and
•anynonprotorganizationtowhichthereisadirect
allocation of tax funds made by the governing body of any
agency which constitutes more than 33 1/3 percent of the
funds from all sources of such organization.
Nonprofit organizations as defined above do not include all
non-profits; the open meetings law does not apply to nonprofit
organizations that are
•hospitals,nursinghomes,dispensersofpharmaceutical
products, or any other type organization, person, or firm
furnishing medical or health services to a citizen for which
they receive reimbursement from the state, whether
directly or indirectly; or
•asub-agencyorafliateofsuchanonprotorganizationfromor
through which the allocation of tax funds is made.
1
1 Official Code of Georgia (O.C.G.A.) § 50-14-1(a)(1).
EXAMPLES OF LOCAL
AGENCIES SUBJECT TO THE
OPEN MEETINGS LAW
In addition to the board of commissioners,
local agencies include other local
organizations such as the planning
commission, the board of zoning appeals,
the personnel review board, the merit
board, the board of tax assessors, the board
of equalization, the board of health, the
housing authority, the hospital authority,
the development authority, the recreation
commission, the regional commission, the
airport authority, and the water and sewer
authority. It also includes any committees
created by those agencies.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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MEETINGS SUBJECT TO THE OPEN MEETINGS LAW
Meetings that must comply with the open meetings law include
•thegatheringofaquorumofaboardofcommissionersorotherlocalagencyatwhichany
official business, policy, or public matter of the county is formulated, presented, discussed, or
voted upon; or
•thegatheringofaquorumofanycommitteeofaboardofcommissionersorlocalagency
or a quorum of any committee created by a board of commissioners, at which any official
business, policy, or public matter of the committee is formulated, presented, discussed, or
voted upon.
2
A meeting occurs when a quorum of a board of commissioners, other local agency, or a committee
gathers to discuss county business or any other public matter pertaining to the county, to take official
action (i.e. vote), or to discuss or formulate recommendations on county business or policy.
3
The meeting may be a regularly scheduled commission meeting (i.e., meetings held in accordance
with a schedule adopted by the board, as contained in local legislation or as established by ordinance),
a special called meeting (i.e., meetings to address issues that arise in between regularly scheduled
meetings), or an emergency meeting (i.e., meetings necessitated by special circumstances where less
than 24 hours’ notice is provided). A meeting may also be an agenda-setting meeting, a work session, or
a committee meeting.
Agenda-setting meetings and work sessions held prior to the official business meeting are subject to
the requirements of the open meetings law because county business and other public matters are
typically discussed. Agenda setting meetings and work sessions attended by a quorum of the board
of commissioners must be open to the public and are subject to the same requirements as regular
meetings, even though no final action or vote is taken.
Any committee created by the board of commissioners or other local agency at which any official
business, policy, or a public matter of the committee is being discussed, presented, formulated, or voted
upon is subject to the open meetings law, regardless of the composition of that committee (i.e., county
commissioners, staff, citizens, etc.).
4
For example, if the board of commissioners creates a standing
committee (such as a budget committee), that committee’s activities would be subject. Similarly, if the
board of commissioners creates an ad hoc committee of citizens to review the feasibility of installing a
dog park, or a committee of commissioners to evaluate proposals or bids submitted for a county project,
these committees also would be subject.
2 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(a)(3)(A).
3 Id.
4 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(a)(3)(A)(ii).
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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FAQ
How is a committee created by the governing body?
Generally, commissioners cannot act individually; therefore, a committee created by the governing
body is one that has been established by an ordinance, resolution, or other official action of the
board of commissioners.
Do commissioners have to be appointed to a committee in order for it to be deemed a
committee subject to the open meetings requirements?
No. Committees created by the board of commissioners can consist entirely of commissioners, no
commissioners, or a mix of commissioners and others.
Are constitutional officers, such as the sheriff, tax commissioner, clerk of superior court, and
probate judge, subject to the requirements of the open meetings law?
The open meetings law applies to the governing body of every department or office of the county. Given
that constitutional officers are the governing body of their county department or office, they are subject
to the same requirements as the board of commissioners. However, the open meetings law does not
apply to judges, nor does it apply to meetings of any law enforcement agency, including the sheriff.
Is it considered a meeting if three commissioners of a five-member board inadvertently arrive
at the county administration building at the same time?
If a quorum of a board of commissioners arrives at the administration building at the same time,
it is not a meeting subject to the open meetings law. However, an open meetings law violation, or
a perceived open meetings law violation, could easily occur if any county business or other public
matters are discussed by or in the presence of the three commissioners and proper notice and
public access is not given.
If three out of five commissioners meet at a local restaurant without giving any notice to
discuss county business, is there an open meetings violation if no final action is taken?
Yes. Since county business was discussed with a quorum of the board of commissioners present,
the meeting was subject to the open meetings law, despite the fact that no final or official action
was taken and it did not occur in a county facility.
If three out of five commissioners meet at a local restaurant without giving any notice to discuss
presidential politics, is there an open meetings violation?
No. As long as the commissioners did not discuss county business, it is not an open meetings violation.
While presidential politics is certainly a public matter, it is reasonable to assume that the term “public
matters of an agency”
5
pertains to duties or functions of the county, not to a presidential campaign.
May one commissioner speak personally with another commissioner about county business
without violating the law?
As long as two commissioners do not constitute a quorum, it would not be considered a meeting
subject to the open meetings law.
5 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(a)(3)(A)(i).
6 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(a)(8).
7 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(a)(3)(B).
8 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(a)(3)(B)(i).
9 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(a)(3)(B)(ii).
10 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(a)(3)(B)(iii).
11 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(a)(3)(B)(iv).
12 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(a)(3)(B)(v).
FAQ
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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Are e-mail communications subject to the open meetings law?
E-mail communications among members of a county do not constitute an open meeting, even if a
quorum of the board of commissioners is included in the communication. Note, however, that such
e-mails are subject to disclosure under the open records law.
6
Is a presentation by a consultant to the board of commissioners subject to the requirements of
the open meetings law?
Yes.
Must meetings of the planning and zoning board be open to the public?
Yes, all local commissions, authorities, boards, bureaus, committees, and similar bodies created by
or for the county are subject to the open meetings law.
GATHERINGS NOT SUBJECT TO THE OPEN MEETINGS LAW
The open meetings law recognizes circumstances where a quorum of a board of commissioners may
convene in one location without the gathering being subject to open meeting requirements. As long as
the primary purpose is not to evade or avoid the requirements of the open meetings law,
the following
gatherings of a quorum of a board of commissioners are not considered meetings:
7
•Inspection of Physical Facilities
Inspection of physical facilities or property under the board’s jurisdiction, as long as no other
official business of the county is to be discussed or official action is to be taken by the quorum
8
•Statewide, Multijurisdictional, or Regional Meetings
Participation at statewide, multijurisdictional, or regional meetings in seminars or courses of
training or to receive or discuss information on matters related to the purpose of the county, as
long as no official action is to be taken by the quorum
9
•Meetings with State or Federal Officials
Meeting with officials of the legislative or executive branches of state or federal governments
at state or federal offices and at which no official action is to be taken by the quorum
10
•Carpooling
Traveling to a meeting or gathering as long as no official business, policy, or public matter is
formulated, presented, discussed, or voted upon by the quorum
11
•Social, Civil, Ceremonial, or Religious Events
Gathering at social, ceremonial, civic, or religious events, as long as no official business,
policy, or public matter is formulated, presented, discussed, or voted upon by the quorum
12
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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MEETINGS EXCLUDED FROM THE OPEN MEETINGS LAW
Certain types of meetings are simply excluded from the open meetings law, including the following:
•Staff Meetings for Investigative Purposes
Staff meetings held for investigative purposes under duties or responsibilities imposed by law
13
•Meetings of Law Enforcement Agencies
Deliberations and voting of the State Board of Pardons and Paroles, as well as meetings of the
Georgia Bureau of Investigation or any other law enforcement agency in the state, including
grand jury meetings
14
•Meetings of a Public Hospital Regarding Staff Privileges/Abortions/Strategies
Meetings of any medical staff committee of a hospital, as well as meetings of the governing
authority of a public hospital or any committee thereof when performing peer review or a
medical review function or when discussing the granting, restriction, or revocation of staff
privileges, or the granting of abortions under state or federal law
15
•Incidental Conversation Unrelated to the Business of the County
Conversation that is incidental in nature unrelated to county business
16
•E-Mail Communications
E-mail communication among members of a board of commissioners; however, e-mails are
subject to disclosure under the open records law unless the content is subject to an exemption
17
13 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(a)(1).
14 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(a)(2).
15 O.C.G.A. §§ 50-14-3(a)(6); 31-7-15(d).
16 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(a)(7).
17 O.C.G.A. §§ 50-14-3(a)(8); 50-18-72(a).
FAQ
If a quorum of a board of commissioners gathers to inspect a new county bridge or some other
county facility, is that gathering considered a meeting subject to the open meetings law?
No. This is not an open meeting, as long as no other official business is discussed or action is taken.
If a quorum of a board of commissioners meets with officials of other counties or cities, is this
a meeting subject to the requirements of the open meetings law?
As long as no final action is taken, the meeting is not required to be open to the public. For example,
attendance at a statewide conference or an ACCG district meeting would not be subject to the
requirements of the open meetings law, even if a quorum was present.
May a quorum of a board of commissioners attend ACCG training without violating the open
meetings law?
Yes. A quorum of a board may attend training without violating the open meeting law, as long as
they do not discuss county business with one another at the training.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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FAQ
Can a quorum of a board of commissioners informally discuss the road resurfacing list for their
county while at lunch during an ACCG training session?
No. Discussion of county business by a quorum of a board at an ACCG training session would be
considered a violation of the open meetings law.
Is a retreat held for the board of commissioners to discuss county business subject to the
requirements of the open meetings law if held outside of their county?
The commissioners cannot avoid the requirements of the open meetings law by meeting in another
county, whether it is designated as a retreat or otherwise. Retreats to discuss and formulate county
policies, the budget, or other county matters, to improve teamwork, or to develop future strategies
must be properly advertised and open to the public, even if held in another county and no decisions
are made or votes taken.
Can a quorum of a board of commissioners privately discuss county business using electronic
media, such as instant messaging or online communities?
While the open meetings law expressly exempts e-mails from creating a meeting, that exemption does
not apply to other forms of electronic communication. The Georgia Court of Appeals has indicated that
a board may be found in violation of the open meetings law by participating in a “virtual meeting”
if public business is discussed by a quorum of the board via telephone, internet, or written poll and
the notice and other requirements of the open meetings law are not observed (see Resources, Open
Meetings Court Decisions and Attorney General Opinions, Claxton Enterprises v. Evans County Board
of Commissioners, p. 144).
Is a meeting considered subject to the open meetings law if a quorum of a board of
commissioners meets with a Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) official at GDOT’s
offices to discuss a road project?
As long as no official action is taken and the meeting takes place at a state office, meeting with state
government officials would not constitute a meeting subject to the open meetings law.
Is a meeting considered subject to the open meetings law if a quorum of a board of
commissioners meets with a GDOT official at the courthouse to discuss a road project?
Yes. If the meeting does not take place in a state office, it would be considered a meeting subject to
the open meetings law.
If a quorum of a board of commissioners meets with a congressional aide in the congressman’s
district office about federal assistance for their county, is that gathering considered a meeting
subject to the open meetings law?
As long as no official action is taken, meetings with officials of the federal government at a federal
office would not constitute a meeting subject to the open meetings law.
If a quorum of a board of commissioners attends a funeral, baseball game, dinner, church
service, ribbon-cutting ceremony, or other ceremony, is that gathering considered a meeting
subject to the open meetings law?
These are examples of social, ceremonial, civic, and religious events. As long as no official business,
policy, or public matter is formulated, presented, discussed, or voted upon at such gatherings, they
would not constitute a meeting subject to the open meetings law.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
14
FAQ
Rather than allow the public to attend a meeting, may a county just provide the public with a
video or audio recording of the meeting?
No. The public must be allowed access to the meeting.
May a county prohibit video recording of a meeting?
No. The public is entitled to make visual and sound recordings of all open meetings.
May a limit be placed on the use of recording devices?
There is no specific authority for counties to limit the use of recording devices. However, it is
reasonable to assume that certain limitations could be imposed, such as prohibiting light bars for
videos or other equipment that interferes with the meeting.
FAQ
May a quorum of a board of commissioners discuss the Georgia Bulldogs without violating the
open meetings law?
Yes. Incidental conversation that is not related to county business may be discussed by a quorum
of a board of commissioners without violating the open meetings law. However, commissioners
should be mindful of public perception whenever a quorum is gathered. Even if a violation of the
open meetings law is not occurring, the public or media may assume that the commissioners are
discussing county business.
May commissioners gain consensus on agenda items through e-mail without violating the open
meetings law?
Use of e-mail in and of itself is not considered a meeting subject to the open meetings law. However,
e-mail messages that relate to county business must be released whenever requested under the open
records law whether they are on a county computer, home computer, personal cell phone, etc.
PUBLIC ACCESS, NOTICE, AND RECORDING OF MEETINGS
The public must be allowed access to all meetings, except for those that are subject to an exemption
or exception specified in the open meetings law. Visual and sound recording during open meetings
must be permitted.
18
18 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(c).
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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May a limit be placed on the number of recording devices or media outlets?
No. There is no provision in the law giving commissioners the ability to limit the number of recording
devices allowed in an open meeting. Likewise, a county cannot allow some individuals or media to
record a meeting, but exclude others.
If a board of commissioners gives the impression that a meeting is closed, can they be found
in violation of the open meetings law, even if they do not formally vote to close the meeting?
Yes. A board was found to be in violation of the open meetings law because it “adjourned” the public
hearing portion of a meeting, excused the public from the meeting, and continued the meeting with
the door closed. Although the board continued to meet on public business, they gave the impression
to the public that the meeting had ended by “adjourning” the public hearing portion of the meeting.
19
While members of the public may not be entitled to make comments after the public hearing portion
of the meeting is concluded, they do have the right to attend an entire meeting.
What happens if the number of people showing up for a meeting exceeds the capacity of the
regular meeting room?
If another larger room is available, the meeting should be moved to accommodate the larger crowd.
Signs should be placed at the regular meeting room directing latecomers to the new meeting location.
19 Beck v. Crip County Zoning Board of Appeals, 221 Ga. App. 801(1996).
20 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(f).
21 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(g).
FAQ
HOLDING OPEN MEETINGS VIA TELECONFERENCE
Agencies with statewide jurisdiction or a committee of such an agency may meet by teleconference,
provided that all other requirements of the open meetings law are met.
20
Meetings of a board of commissioners (and other agencies without statewide jurisdiction) may be
held by teleconference under limited circumstances. If there is an emergency involving public safety
or if public property or public services are at risk, the board can meet by teleconference to address
the emergency conditions, as long as proper notice and simultaneous public access is provided.
21
When an emergency arises involving public safety or the preservation of property or public services,
counties (and other agencies without statewide jurisdiction) may meet by teleconference, as long as
they meet the regular notice required by the open meetings law and the public can have simultaneous
access to the teleconference meeting.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
16
FAQ
May a board of commissioners “meet” by teleconference to conduct public business?
Meetings of a board of commissioners may be held by teleconference under limited circumstances.
If there is an emergency involving public safety or if public property or public services are at risk,
commissioners can meet by teleconference to address the emergency conditions, as long as notice and
simultaneous public access is provided.
How is simultaneous access to a teleconference provided to the public?
The law does not dictate how simultaneous access of a teleconference meeting is provided to
the public. It may be as simple as having the clerk place the meeting on speakerphone at the
regular meeting place. Some counties may be able to conduct the meeting utilizing the internet
and broadcasting it on the government access channel, the county website, or on a screen in the
commissioners’ meeting room. In some instances, the public could be allowed to call in to a toll free
number to listen to the meeting.
During the holiday or vacation season, it is sometimes difficult to get a quorum available for a
meeting. May the clerk schedule a teleconference for a commission meeting?
No. Unless there is an emergency involving public safety or the preservation of property or public
services, a quorum of a board of commissioners may not participate in a meeting by teleconference.
COMMISSIONERS PARTICIPATING IN OPEN MEETINGS VIA TELECONFERENCE
As long as a quorum of a board of commissioners is physically present at the meeting and other
requirements of the open meetings law are met, a commissioner may participate by teleconference
because of health reasons or absence from the county. However, unless there is an emergency or
a written note from a doctor (or other health professional) indicating that the commissioner cannot
attend the meeting due to health reasons, no commissioner may participate by teleconference more
than twice in one calendar year.
22
Lastly, counties and other local agencies may also hold meetings
via telephone to accommodate one or more of their members on active military duty.
23
22 Id.
23 O.C.G.A. § 38-2-279(g).
FAQ
If a commissioner is ill and unable to physically attend a meeting, may he or she participate
remotely?
Yes. Up to twice per calendar year, a commissioner may participate remotely in commission meetings
for health reasons or because of absence from the county, as long as a quorum of the board is
physically present at the meeting. If a commissioner has participated remotely in meetings twice
in a year and his or her health prevents physical attendance at other meetings, he or she may still
participate remotely if a note is provided from his or her doctor or other health care provider.
If a commissioner will be out of town for a commission meeting, may he or she participate
remotely?
Yes. Up to twice per calendar year, a commissioner may participate remotely in commission meetings
because of absences from the county or for health reasons, as long as a quorum of the board is
physically present at the meeting.
May an absent commissioner participate in a meeting of the board of commissioners via
Skype, GoToMeeting, or similar video conferencing forums?
Yes. While the law does not define “teleconference,” as long as the conference method that the county
chooses to use (telephone, video, etc.) allows the public to have simultaneous access and all the other
requirements of O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(g) are met, if should be permissible. In order for a commissioner
to participate by teleconference, a quorum of commissioners must be physically present at the
meeting and the reason for the commissioner’s absence must be due to military service, health, or
physical presence outside of the county.
May a commissioner participate in a meeting by teleconference if he or she is called to active
military duty?
Yes. O.C.G.A. § 38-2-279(g) specifically allows commissioners on active military duty to participate in
commission meetings via teleconference. In addition, the law makes it clear that official business can
occur at a meeting where one or more commissioners on active duty are participating in the meeting
via teleconference.
If three commissioners on a five-member board are ill, may they participate in the meeting by
teleconference?
A meeting cannot be held, even with a physician’s note, unless there is a quorum of the board
physically present at the meeting site. If three out of five commissioners are present, the other two
commissioners may participate by teleconference, as long as all the requirements of O.C.G.A. § 50-
14-1(g) have been met.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
17
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
18
NOTICE OF A REGULARLY SCHEDULED MEETING
The board of commissioners and any other local agency or
committee subject to the open meetings law must prescribe
the time, place, and dates of regular meetings. The schedule of
regular meetings must be available to the general public. Notice
with the time, place, and date must be posted at least one week
in advance and kept in a conspicuous place available to the public
at the regular location of the meeting, as well as on the county’s
(or other local agency or committee’s) website, if it has one.
While meetings are generally held in accordance with a regular
schedule, a regularly scheduled meeting may be cancelled or
postponed as appropriate.
24
24 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(d)(1).
25 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(b).
26 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-6.
TYPES OF MEETINGS
The type of meeting notice that must be given
to the public depends on the type of meeting.
For purposes of notice, there are three types
of meetings: (1) regularly scheduled meetings,
(2) special called meetings, and (3) emergency
meetings. Each type of meeting requires
varying notice and posting requirements,
which are described in this section.
FAQ
What happens if notice of a meeting is not properly given?
If a meeting notice is not properly given and the meeting is held, it will be in violation of the open
meetings law. Any action taken at the meeting may be voided if challenged.
25
It may also be prosecuted
as a misdemeanor offense or may be applied as civil penalties against the violating officials.
26
Must the notice be posted in a locked notice board?
No. The law does not require that notices be posted in a locked notice board. However, posting
notices in a secured display prevents unauthorized removal or alteration of the notice and minimizes
the possibility of a claim that the public was not properly notified of the meeting.
May the times and dates of regularly scheduled meetings be changed?
Generally, county commissioners may hold additional meetings, cancel or postpone meetings, or
change the location of a regularly scheduled meeting. However, many counties specify the times
and dates of certain meetings by ordinance—particularly regular monthly or bi-monthly meetings.
If, for example, the county code requires the board of commissioners to meet the first Monday of
every month, then these meetings cannot be changed unless the ordinance allows changes or the
ordinance is amended. Even when local legislation specifies regular meetings, the law allows counties
to hold additional meetings as needed.
If the county has a website but it is not regularly updated or maintained, is it an open meetings
law violation if notice is not posted to the website?
The law requires notice to be posted on the county website, if a website exists. This means that every
effort should be made to update and post the meeting notice on the website. If a website is not being
maintained, it may be best to eliminate the website rather than provide erroneous information.
FAQ
FAQ
What type of notice is required for a work session?
Just as with a regular commission meeting, proper notice must be given and an agenda posted. A list
of the commissioners who attended the work session and a summary of the subjects acted upon, if
any, must be available for public inspection within two business days of the work session. Additionally,
minutes must be prepared and released by the next regular meeting. The minutes of a work session
must include the names of the commissioners who attended the meeting, a description of any motion
or proposal made, and a record of any votes taken.
27
NOTICE OF A SPECIAL CALLED MEETING
For special called meetings, written or oral notice must be given at least 24 hours in advance of the
meeting to the county legal organ or, at the option of the commissioners, to a newspaper having a general
circulation in the county at least equal to the county legal organ. In counties where the legal organ is
published less than four times weekly, written notice must be posted for at least 24 hours at the regular
meeting place. Also, upon written request from any local broadcast or print media outlet whose place of
business and physical facilities are located in the county, notice must be given to that requesting media
outlet at least 24 hours before the called meeting by telephone, fax, or e-mail. Whenever notice is given
to a legal organ or other newspaper, that publication shall immediately, or as soon as practicable, make
the information available upon inquiry to any member of the public. Upon written request from any local
broadcast or print media outlet, a copy of the meeting’s agenda shall be provided by fax, e-mail, or mail
through a self-addressed, stamped envelope provided by the requestor.
28
27 O.C.G.A. §§ 50-14-1(e)(2)(A) and (B).
28 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(d)(2).
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
19
How does a county meet the 24-hour notice requirement when the legal organ publishes only
one edition per week?
Giving written notice 24 hours before the meeting to any local media outlet (i.e., print, radio, and
television) that operates business or physical facilities within the county by telephone, fax, or e-mail is
sufficient, regardless of the day that the newspaper is published. There should also be a written notice
posted at the regular meeting site. While the law does not require notices for meetings other than
regularly scheduled meetings to be posted on the county website, it may be good practice to post other
meeting notices there as well, if possible.
NOTICE OF AN EMERGENCY MEETING
When a board of commissioners, local agency, or committee declares that special circumstances
exist, a meeting may be held with less than 24 hours’ notice, as long as notice of the meeting and
subjects expected to be considered are provided as is reasonable under the circumstances, including
notice to the county legal organ or a newspaper having a general circulation in the county at least
equal to the legal organ. The reason for holding the meeting within 24 hours and the nature of the
notice must be recorded in the minutes. The required notice includes notice by telephone, fax, or
e-mail to any local broadcast or print media outlet whose place of business and physical facilities are
located in the county and that has provided a written request within the previous calendar year.
FAQ
29 O.C.G.A. § 38-3-54.
30 Id.
Is holding a meeting with less than 24 hours’ notice ever authorized?
Yes. When special circumstances such as emergencies occur, the county may hold a meeting with less
than 24 hours’ notice. The county must provide notice to the county legal organ (or to a newspaper
with equal circulation in the county) that includes an agenda of subjects to be discussed or acted
upon. If a local newspaper or news station makes a written request within the last calendar year, the
county must also give notice by telephone, fax, or e-mail. The newspaper must make information
immediately available to the public upon request. The nature of the provided notice and the reason for
the emergency meeting must be recorded in the minutes of the meeting.
In the event that a natural or manmade emergency or disaster occurs, are there other
procedures that govern meetings of the board of commissioners?
If it is imprudent, inexpedient, or impossible to hold commission meetings at the regular meeting
place due to emergency or disaster resulting from manmade or natural causes (as declared by the
Governor or other authorized state official), commissioners may meet anywhere within or outside of
the county or the state.
29
Such a meeting may be called by the presiding officer (i.e., the chair) or by
any two commissioners. At the meeting, the commissioners must establish and designate emergency
temporary meeting locations where public business will be transacted during the emergency. Any
action taken in such meetings shall have the same effect as if performed at the regular meeting site.
To the extent made necessary by the emergency, the commissioners are not required to comply “with
time-consuming procedures and formalities prescribed by law.”
30
Additionally, a board may hold a meeting by teleconference when there is an emergency involving
public safety or the preservation of property or public services. Notice of the teleconference must
be provided just as for any other meeting. The public must be provided simultaneous access to the
teleconference. (See Holding Open Meetings via Teleconference, p. 15.)
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
20
MEETING AGENDAS
Before any meeting, a board of commissioners, local agency, or committee must make available an
agenda of all matters expected to come before them at such meeting. The agenda must be available
upon request and must be posted at the meeting site, as far in advance of the meeting as reasonably
possible, but no more than two weeks before the meeting. In other words, the agenda must be
posted at some time during the two-week period immediately prior to the meeting. Failure to include
an item on the agenda that needs to be addressed during the course of the meeting does not prevent
a board of commissioners, local agency, or committee from considering or acting upon that item.
31
FAQ
31 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(e)(1).
Must an agenda be prepared for each meeting?
Yes.
Do planning commissions and other local agencies have to prepare and post an agenda?
Yes.
Do committees created by the board of commissioners or other local agencies have to prepare
and post an agenda?
Yes. Committees are also subject to all the requirements of the open meetings law and must prepare
and post an agenda.
Is an agenda required for work sessions of a board of commissioners?
Yes. A work session of the board of commissioners is deemed a meeting, as long as a quorum of the
board is present.
What needs to be included in the agenda?
The agenda must include every matter that is expected to be presented, discussed, or acted upon at
the meeting.
What if a county routinely holds an agenda-setting meeting prior to the regularly scheduled
meeting?
An agenda-setting meeting must comply with all of the requirements of the open meetings law. As
such, the notice and agenda must be posted.
When and where must an agenda be posted?
The agenda must be posted at the meeting site as early as possible, but at least at some point during
the two weeks before the meeting. Although the law does not require it, posting the agenda on the
county website, if there is one, will maximize public access.
What if an issue that needs to be addressed arises after the agenda is posted?
An issue not on the posted agenda may be considered or voted on in the meeting if necessary. While
the term “necessary” is not defined, any topic that the board deems necessary may be added to the
agenda. However, counties should not use this provision as an excuse to add controversial topics at
the last minute in hopes of avoiding scrutiny.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
21
FAQ
What is required for a vote by a board to be binding?
First, the vote must be in an open meeting. Any vote taken in executive session or in violation of the
law will not be binding. The vote must be recorded in the minutes and identify the person making
the motion and person seconding, as well as the name of each person voting. Decisions made in an
executive session must be voted on and approved in an open meeting to be binding.
If a commissioner is silent during the vote, how is his or her vote counted?
Unless a commissioner indicates that he or she is abstaining or voting against the motion, it will be
assumed that he or she has voted in favor of the motion.
How does the county approve the settlement of a lawsuit?
While the commissioners may discuss and vote to gain consensus on a lawsuit settlement with
their attorney in executive session, in order for the vote on the settlement to be binding, the
commissioners must vote on the settlement in an open meeting. The names of the parties to the
lawsuit and the principal settlement terms must be disclosed before the vote.
What happens if the commissioners do not vote on the settlement of a lawsuit in an open
meeting?
The settlement agreement is not binding. Presumably, the lawsuit would continue.
32 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(b)(2).
33 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(e)(2)(B).
34 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(1).
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
22
VOTING IN AN OPEN MEETING
While counties may have differing local requirements on voting procedures (such as whether the
chair can vote, quorum requirements, etc.), the open meetings law provides uniform requirements
on how votes should be made and recorded. Any resolution, rule, regulation, ordinance, or other
official action of a county adopted, taken, or made at a meeting that is not open to the public is not
binding.
32
The name of each person voting for or against a proposal must be recorded. It is presumed that
each person in attendance approved the action taken, unless the minutes reflect the name of the
person(s) voting against the proposal or abstaining.
33
No vote in executive session to acquire, dispose of, or lease real estate or to settle litigation, claims,
or administrative proceedings is binding on the county until a subsequent vote is taken in an open
meeting where the identity of the property and the terms of acquisition, disposal, or lease are
disclosed before the vote or where the parties and principal settlement terms are disclosed before
the vote.
34
FAQ
If the commissioners approve the purchase, sale, or lease of real property in an executive
session, how does the purchase, sale, or lease agreement become effective?
The commissioners may discuss and vote to gain consensus on the terms of a proposed purchase,
sale, or lease of property in executive session. However, for that vote to be binding they must have a
subsequent vote on the purchase, sale, or lease in an open meeting. The identity of the property and
the terms of the purchase, sale, or lease must be disclosed before the vote.
What happens if the commissioners do not approve the purchase of property in an open meeting?
If the commissioners do not approve the purchase of property in an open meeting, the county would
not be able to purchase the property.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
23
PREPARING A SUMMARY OF AN OPEN MEETING
A summary of the subjects acted on and those members present at a meeting of the board of
commissioners, a local agency, or committee must be written and made available to the public for
inspection within two business days of the adjournment of a meeting.
35
35 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(e)(2)(A).
FAQ
Is a meeting summary required for work sessions or agenda-setting sessions?
Yes. Work sessions and agenda-setting sessions must meet all the requirements of the open
meetings law, including a summary of an open meeting.
PREPARING MINUTES OF AN OPEN MEETING
The regular minutes of a meeting must be promptly recorded. The minutes must be open to public
inspection once approved as official by the board of commissioners, local agency, or committee, but
in no case later than immediately following its next regular meeting. However, the county may allow
the earlier release of minutes, even if they have not been approved by the board of commissioners,
local agency, or committee. The minutes must include
•thenamesofthememberspresentatthemeeting;
•adescriptionofeachmotionorotherproposalmade;
•theidentityofthepersonsmakingandsecondingthemotionorotherproposal;and
•arecordofallvotes.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
24
The name of each person voting for or against a proposal must be recorded. It is presumed each
person in attendance approved the action taken unless the minutes reflect the name of the person(s)
voting against the proposal or abstaining.
36
Additionally, for a special called meeting with less than 24 hours’ notice, the minutes must include
the nature of the provided notice and the reason for the emergency meeting.
37
If part of the meeting
is an executive session, minutes must be taken for the closed portion and kept confidential. The
public minutes must state that the session was closed and the reason for closing.
36 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(e)(2)(B).
37 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(d)(3).
38 O.C.G.A. § 36-10-1.
39 O.C.G.A. § 36-1-25.
40 Id.
FAQ
Do maps, contracts, and other documents approved in a meeting have to be included in the
minutes?
Yes. Contracts, maps, or other documents approved in a meeting must be included in the minutes
or incorporated by reference.
38
If incorporated by reference, the board must adopt either a resolution
or an ordinance establishing a location where such documents are to be stored (i.e., “an alternative
central location”).
39
When must minutes of an open meeting be made available to the public?
The minutes of an open meeting must be made available to the public for inspection once they are
approved by the county or immediately following the next regular meeting—whichever comes first. It
must be no later than immediately following the next meeting. However, nothing in the law prohibits
the release of a draft prior to its adoption by the board of commissioners.
When must minutes of an open meeting be approved?
Minutes must be approved at the next regular meeting.
How should the minutes reflect voting at a meeting?
The minutes must identify persons making and seconding each motion or proposal and the name of
each person voting for or against each motion or proposal. If a commissioner needs to abstain from a
vote because of a conflict of interest, it should also be included in the minutes.
Where should minutes be kept?
The official minutes of commission meetings must be kept in the board of commissioners’ office.
40
Care should be taken to store executive session minutes in a secured location in the commissioners’
office that is separate from the open meeting minutes.
Must minutes be taken for gatherings that are not subject to the open meetings law?
No. Minutes do not need to be kept for gatherings that do not qualify as meetings subject to the
open meetings law.
FAQ
Must minutes be kept during an executive session when discussing matters properly excluded
under the open meetings law?
Yes. Minutes must be taken during executive sessions. The executive session minutes are not public
and should be kept confidential for in camera (i.e., in a judge’s chambers) inspection only. (See
Preparing Minutes of an Executive Session, p. 34.)
How should closing a portion of the open meeting be reflected in the minutes?
The minutes must include the reason for closure (e.g., to discuss exempt personnel matters, to
discuss land acquisition, to discuss a lawsuit, etc.), the names of the members present, and the
names of the members voting for closure.
41
Must minutes be prepared from a transcript or tape recording of the meeting?
No. There is no requirement that executive sessions be taped or that a verbatim transcript be made for
use in preparing the minutes. Minutes can be detailed verbatim transcriptions or simple summaries of
actions taken as allowed by the open meetings law. The preferred method should be fully discussed
with the county attorney and county clerk to ensure the best method for a given county.
41 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-4(a).
42 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(a)(2).
43 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b).
EXECUTIVE SESSIONS
An executive session is a portion of a meeting lawfully closed to the public.
42
As a rule, meetings of
a county or other public agency must be open to the public. Georgia law, however, permits boards
of commissioners and other public agencies to go into executive session to consider certain matters
that may be discussed outside the presence of the public. For example, land acquisition, settlement
of a pending lawsuit, appointment of a county administrator, etc., may be discussed in a properly
convened executive session.
43
FAQ
May a board of commissioners discuss other matters unrelated to county business in an
executive session?
No. The topics that can be discussed in an executive session are limited and are specifically stated
in law.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
25
MEETINGS THAT MAY BE CLOSED
Meetings may not be closed except as expressly authorized by law. Under current law, counties and
other public agencies can go into executive sessions only in the following circumstances:
•Todiscusslitigationwiththecountyattorney
•Todiscusscondentialtaxmatters
•Toauthorizesettlementstolawsuitsandclaimsinvolvingthecounty
•Todiscussrealestatedecisionsbythecounty
•Todiscusspersonnelissues
•Meetingsoftheboardoftrusteesorinvestmentcommitteeofpublicretirementsystems
•Meetingstodiscussrecordsthatareexempt
To Discuss Litigation with the County Attorney
The open meetings law does not repeal in any way the attorney-client privilege. A meeting otherwise
required to be open to the public may be closed in order to consult and meet with legal counsel
pertaining to pending or potential litigation, settlement, claims, administrative proceedings, or other
judicial actions brought or to be brought by or against the county or any officer or employee or in
which the county or any officer or employee may be directly involved. However, a meeting may not be
closed for advice or consultation with the county attorney on whether to close a meeting.
44
FAQ
May a board of commissioners use the attorney-client privilege to justify an executive session
by simply asking the county attorney for advice on any topic?
No. While the open meetings law expressly preserves the attorney-client privilege that protects
communications between attorneys and their clients, it is limited to the discussion of pending or
potential lawsuits, claims, administrative proceedings, or judicial actions. For example, the board
could not close the meeting to ask their attorney advice on the purchase of equipment or investing
public funds.
May a board of commissioners go into executive session to ask their attorney whether an issue
may be discussed in executive session?
No. Any discussion and advice on whether or not closing a meeting is legal must be in an open
meeting before the decision to close the meeting is made.
May a board of commissioners discuss a lawsuit in an executive session if their attorney does
not attend the meeting?
No. The exemption allowing commissioners to discuss lawsuits is limited to meetings in which the
commissioners receive legal advice from an attorney. The county’s attorney must be included in the
executive session in order to privately discuss a lawsuit.
44 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-2(1).
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
26
FAQ
What is the procedure for closing a meeting to obtain advice from a county attorney on a
particular topic?
Assuming the county attorney is being requested to give advice that falls within the attorney-client
privilege, the board must go through the normal procedures for closing a meeting. (See How to
Close a Meeting and Properly Hold an Executive Session, p. 32.)
May a meeting be closed under the potential litigation exception to discuss a terminated
employee who threatens to use all legal means necessary to get his/her job back?
No. The Georgia Court of Appeals has held that, in order to be considered potential litigation, there
must be “a realistic and tangible threat of legal action against it or its officer or employees, a threat
that goes beyond a mere fear or suspicion of being sued.”
45
In order to meet this test, the county
should look for three factors: (1) a formal demand letter or something else in writing that presents a
claim against the county and indicates a sincere intent to sue; (2) previous or pre-existing litigation
between the county and the other party or proof of ongoing litigation of similar claims; or (3) proof
that the other party has hired an attorney and expressed an intent to sue (see Resources, Open
Meetings Court Decisions and Attorney General Opinions, Claxton Enterprises v. Evans County
Board of Commissioners, p. 144).
46
45 Claxton v. Evans County Bd. of Commissioners, 249 Ga. App. 870 (2001).
46 Id.
47 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-2(2).
48 O.C.G.A. § 48-5-314.
49 O.C.G.A. § 48-13-15.
50 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(1).
To Discuss Confidential Tax Matters
The open meetings law does not repeal in any way those tax matters that are otherwise made
confidential by state law.
47
Income tax records in the possession of the county board of tax assessors
and information submitted to counties for determining taxes owed,
48
such as certain occupational tax
records,
49
are examples of confidential tax matters.
To Authorize Settlements to Lawsuits and Claims Involving the County
Commissioners may meet in executive session to discuss or vote to authorize settlement of pending
or potential litigation, settlement, claims, administrative proceedings, or other judicial actions directly
involving the county or any officer or employee of the county.
No vote by the commissioners in executive session to settle litigation, claims, or administrative
proceedings is binding on the county until a subsequent vote is taken in an open meeting. The parties
to the lawsuit or claim and principal settlement terms must be disclosed before the vote.
50
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
27
FAQ
May the commissioners vote to give the county attorney the authority to settle a lawsuit in
executive session?
Yes. The commissioners may vote to give the county attorney settlement authority in executive
session. However, the settlement agreement is not binding until the board votes on it in a public
meeting after disclosing the names of the parties and the main terms of the settlement agreement.
Does the county have to disclose the amount it has agreed to pay to settle a lawsuit?
Prior to the official vote in an open meeting, the parties to the lawsuit and the principle settlement
terms must be disclosed.
To Discuss Real Estate Decisions by the County
Executive sessions may be held when the commissioners are discussing or voting to
•authorizenegotiationstopurchase,disposeof,orleaseproperty;
•authorizetheorderingofanappraisalrelatedtotheacquisitionordisposalofrealestate;
•enterintoacontracttopurchase,disposeof,orleasepropertysubjecttoapprovalina
subsequent public vote; or
•enterintoanoptiontopurchase,disposeof,orleaserealestatesubjecttoapprovalina
subsequent public vote.
No vote in executive session to acquire, dispose of, or lease real estate is binding on the county until
a subsequent vote is taken in an open meeting where the identity of the property and the terms of
the acquisition, disposal, or lease are disclosed before the vote.
51
51 Id.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
28
FAQ
May a board of commissioners close a meeting to discuss the sale or transfer of county
property to a citizen, corporation, or another agency?
Yes. The open meetings law exemption includes the disposal of property, as well as purchasing or
leasing.
Must minutes be prepared for an executive session discussing land acquisition?
Yes. Minutes are required for every executive session. The minutes of an executive session to discuss
land acquisition must be prepared the same as for any other executive session meeting (i.e., the
minutes must include the names of the members present at the meeting, a description of each
motion or other proposal made, and a record of all votes).
May the board of commissioners vote in executive session to authorize the county manager to
negotiate the purchase of land?
Yes. While the board can vote to authorize the negotiation or purchase of land, the deal will not be
binding until it is voted on in an open meeting. Prior to the vote in open session, the location of the
property and terms of the purchase must be disclosed.
Does the county have to disclose how much they agreed to pay for property before the
purchase?
Yes. The board must disclose the location of the property and the terms of the purchase.
May a board of commissioners go into executive session to discuss the purchase of equipment,
supplies, or services?
No. The open meetings exemption only applies to the purchase of land.
To Discuss Personnel Issues
Executive sessions may be held to discuss or deliberate upon the appointment, employment,
compensation, hiring, disciplinary action or dismissal, periodic evaluation or rating of a public officer
or employee, or to interview applicants for the position of the executive head of a county. However,
the board cannot go into executive session to receive evidence or hear arguments on personnel
matters, including whether to impose disciplinary action or dismiss a public officer or employee.
Additionally, the board cannot go into executive session to consider or discuss policies regarding
the employment or hiring practices of the county. The vote on any personnel matter must be taken
in public. Meetings of the board of commissioners, a local agency, or committee to discuss or take
action on the filling of a vacancy in the membership of the county itself must at all times be open to
the public.
52
52 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(2).
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
29
May a board of commissioners close a meeting to discuss employees’ concerns about a
proposed amendment to the merit system?
No. Since this is not a discussion of compensation or disciplinary action for a particular employee or
public officer it would not fall under the personnel exemption to the open meetings law.
May a board of commissioners close a meeting to discuss the budget of the recreation department
merely because salary increases for certain members of the staff would be included in the
discussion?
While the salaries for individual employees may be discussed in executive session, the remainder of the
budget discussion, including the salaries budget category, would have to occur in an open meeting.
May an employee disciplinary hearing be conducted in executive session?
No. While the board may discuss and deliberate on a disciplinary matter in a closed meeting, arguments
and evidence regarding disciplinary action proposed or taken against an employee must occur in an open
meeting. In the same manner, any vote on employee discipline must be taken in public and recorded in
the minutes.
May a supervisor attend an executive session to discuss the possible termination of one of his or
her employees?
It depends. If the supervisor has a role in the decision-making process, then it may be permissible for
the supervisor to attend the executive session. However, if the role of the supervisor is to inform the
board of the actions of the employee in question, then that portion of the meeting should be open as the
supervisor is providing facts or evidence.
Does the personnel review board have to conduct its hearings in a public meeting?
Yes. As a committee, the personnel review board is subject to the same requirements as the board of
commissioners regarding open meetings. While the personnel review board can go into executive session
to deliberate, the portion of the meeting where the department head presents the reasons for termination
or disciplinary action and the employee presents his or her reasons for objecting to the action must be
conducted in public.
May a board of commissioners interview a candidate for the position of county manager in a closed
meeting?
Yes. According to the open meetings law, the commissioners may meet in closed session to discuss
the hiring or appointment of employees and to interview applicants for the position of executive head
of an agency. Bear in mind, however, that if the commissioners choose to conduct their interviewing
and evaluation of an agency head in closed session, then they must release the names of the top three
candidates and wait 14 days before making a hiring decision under the open records law.
53
May a board of commissioners close a meeting to discuss standard operating procedures for the
fire department under the personnel exemption?
No. Discussion of policy issues must take place in meetings open to the public. The personnel exemption
only applies to meetings regarding the performance or status of individual employees. The personnel
exemption does not apply to budgetary or policy matters.
Is closing a meeting to talk about restructuring the planning commission legal?
No. This is a public policy issue and does not fall within the personnel exception.
FAQ
53 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(11).
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FAQ
May a board of commissioners close a meeting to discuss the new hiring policy for the county?
No. Discussion of policy issues regarding employment or hiring practices of a county must take place in
meetings open to the public.
Does the filling of a vacancy on a board of commissioners fall under the personnel exemption to
the open meetings law?
No. The open meetings law requires that any discussion on filling a vacancy on the board be held in public.
Meetings of the Board of Trustees or Investment Committee of Public Retirement Systems
Meetings of the board of trustees or the investment committee of any public retirement system
created by or subject to state law may be closed when such board or committee is discussing matters
pertaining to investment securities trading or investment portfolio positions and composition.
54
Meetings to Discuss Records That Are Exempt
Executive sessions are permitted when it is necessary to discuss confidential records (i.e., those
records or portions of records exempt from the open records law.
55
) if there is no other reasonable
way for the county to discuss the record without disclosing the confidential part of the record.
56
FAQ
Under what circumstances may a board of commissioners close a meeting to view an exempt
record?
The board of commissioners may discuss an exempt record in executive session if there are no
reasonable means to meet and consider the record in an open meeting without disclosing exempt
portions of the record. For example, if the board needs to review security plans for the county
courthouse, it may be impossible to review and discuss the plans in public without revealing part of
the information exempted by O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(25).
May the board go into executive session to review bids or proposals?
Possibly. For instance, if the request for proposal required vendors to include trade secrets and the
proposals included the required affidavit (see Portions of Records Containing Trade Secrets, p. 74) and
the commissioners needed to review the trade secret, then the board could go into executive session.
57
Presumably, commissioners could discuss detailed cost estimates on any bid or proposal, as such
numbers are confidential until the bid has been awarded or all bids are rejected.
58
Of course, any vote
on the award of the bid or proposal would have to be made in public.
54 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(3).
55 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-70 et seq.
56 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(4).
57 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(34).
58 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(10).
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HOW TO CLOSE A MEETING AND PROPERLY HOLD AN EXECUTIVE SESSION
Before a board of commissioners can go into an executive session, the open meeting must be closed.
To close a meeting, the specific reasons for closing the meeting must be stated and a majority vote of
a quorum of the board of commissioners present for the meeting is needed. The minutes must reflect
the reason for closure, the names of the members present, and the names of those voting for closure.
The portion of the minutes containing the reason for closure, the members present, and the names of
those voting for closure must be made available to the public as in any other minutes.
59
Once the open meeting has been properly closed, the executive session can begin. Only topics that
are specifically authorized by law as being exempt from the open meeting law can be discussed. (See
Meetings That May Be Closed, p. 26). At the conclusion of the executive session, the presiding officer
must execute an affidavit identifying the reason for closing the meeting and swearing that the meeting
was limited to the topics allowed by law. Minutes must also be taken for the closed section of the
meeting and kept for in camera inspection.
60
FAQ
May the board vote to go into an executive session on a legally exempt matter in the middle of a
public meeting if an executive session was not advertised or listed on the agenda?
Yes. As long as the public meeting was properly advertised and the board properly votes to close the
meeting, an executive session can be held to discuss a legally exempt matter, even if was not included
on the original agenda.
May the board go into an executive session to discuss an exempt topic and then discuss other non-
exempt matters?
No. Only matters clearly exempted from coverage under the open meetings law may be discussed in
executive session. Any discussion of other issues would be a violation of the open meetings law.
May the board vote on matters discussed in closed session?
It depends. The law specifies when a vote can be taken on an issue in closed session. However, votes
that are permitted to be taken in a closed session are not binding until details and terms are disclosed
and the vote is taken again in an open meeting.
61
Who may be allowed to participate in an executive session?
In addition to members of the governing body, other persons necessary to the discussion may
participate. Typically, this will include the county attorney, the county administrator or manager, the
county clerk, and other key staff. According to an Attorney General opinion,
62
the commissioners must
determine, on a case-by-case basis, who should be permitted to attend executive sessions. For example,
it would be reasonable to assume that in an executive session discussing land acquisition, a real estate
agent, a surveyor, or an appraiser could attend along with county staff involved in the acquisition.
59 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-4(a).
60 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-4(b).
61 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(1).
62 1998 Op. Att’y Gen. No. U98-3.
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FAQ
What should the chair do if someone present in an executive session initiates discussion of a
non-exempt topic?
The chair should rule the party out of order. If the discussion on the non-exempt topic persists, the
chair has an affirmative obligation to adjourn the meeting immediately.
While waiting for the executive session to begin, what if a commissioner asks the county
manager about the status of a road project or some other non-exempt matter?
If the public has been excluded, then the chair or presiding officer should rule the discussion out of order.
FAQ
May the board allow a member of the general public to attend an executive session and keep the
meeting closed to the rest of the public?
No. If members of the general public are allowed to attend a closed meeting, then the meeting cannot
be closed to the rest of the public.
Is a board of commissioners required to close a meeting to discuss an exempt topic?
No. Although the board is authorized to discuss exempt topics in an executive session, it is not required
to do so.
May a quorum of a board of commissioners meet in an executive session with a citizen who
requests a private meeting?
Unless the subject of the meeting meets one of the exemptions listed in O.C.G.A. §§ 50-14-2 and 50-
14-3 or elsewhere, a quorum of a board cannot meet privately with a citizen.
Are there any other instances that a meeting can be closed other than those specified above?
No. The Georgia Supreme Court has held that unless a meeting clearly falls within one of the
exceptions to the open meetings law, the meeting must be open to the public.
63
63 Steele v. Honea, 1991 Ga. LEXIS 1043 (1991).
64 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-4(b)(2).
Responsibilities of the Presiding Officer in an Executive Session
In the event that someone in an executive session begins to discuss an issue not allowed in executive
session pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3, the chair or presiding officer must immediately rule
the discussion out of order. Everyone present in the executive session must stop the questioned
conversation. If that person continues or attempts to continue the discussion after being ruled out of
order, the chair or presiding officer is obliged to immediately adjourn the executive session.
64
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33
65 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-4(b)(1).
66 See O.C.G.A. § 16-10-71.
67 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-4(a).
FAQ
Who must sign the affidavit?
If the chair conducts the executive session, then the chair must execute the affidavit. If the vice-
chair or other person presides over the executive session, then that individual must sign the affidavit.
However, the law allows counties to adopt a policy that each member of the governing body present
in the executive session is required to sign the affidavit.
Does the affidavit have to be notarized?
Yes.
What happens if other topics are discussed in the executive session and the chair signs the
affidavit?
Because the statement is made under oath, if a chair knowingly and willfully makes a false
statement in the affidavit, he or she may be convicted of false swearing.
66
False swearing is a felony
punishable by one to five years in prison and/or a $1,000 fine.
If the chair rules discussion of a non-exempt topic out of order and that ends the discussion,
can he or she still sign the affidavit in good faith?
Presumably, since the discussion was cut off, the chair in good faith could still swear that the
executive session was devoted to exempt topics. As an alternative, the affidavit may indicate that a
non-authorized topic was introduced but ruled out of order or that the meeting was adjourned due to
continued efforts to discuss non-exempt topics.
Preparing Minutes of an Executive Session
When a meeting or portion of a meeting is closed to the public to discuss any matter that is exempted by
the open meetings law, the specific reasons for such closure must be entered into the official minutes of
the meeting. Where a meeting is devoted in part to matters with the authorized exceptions, any portion
of the meeting not subject to any such exception, privilege, or confidentiality must be open to the public.
The minutes of such portions not subject to any authorized exception must be taken, recorded, and be
open to public inspection as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(e).
67
Executive Session Affidavit
When a board of commissioners, local agency, or committee holds an executive session pursuant to
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-4(a), the chair or presiding officer must execute and file with the official minutes a
notarized affidavit, stating under oath that the subject of the meeting or the closed portion thereof was
devoted to matters within the exceptions provided by law and identifying the specific relevant exception.
Additionally, the county may adopt a policy that requires each member of a board of commissioners,
local agency, or committee to execute a notarized affidavit along with the chair or presiding officer.
65
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34
Minutes of executive sessions must also be recorded, but are not open to the public. The minutes
must specify each issue discussed in executive session. In executive sessions where issues subject to
the attorney-client privilege are discussed, the minutes must reflect that an attorney-client discussion
occurred and its subject matter must be identified; however, the substance of the discussion need not
be recorded and must not be identified in the minutes. Executive session minutes must be kept and
preserved for in camera inspection by an appropriate court should a dispute arise as to the propriety
of any executive session.
68
FAQ
If a board of commissioners goes into executive session, what must be reflected in the minutes of
the public meeting?
The minutes must include the specific reasons for closing the meeting, the names of the members
present, and the names of the members voting to close the meeting. Additionally, the presiding officer’s
notarized affidavit stating that only legally exempt topics were discussed during the closed session
must be filed with or included in the minutes.
69
What must be included in executive session minutes?
Minutes must be kept for all executive sessions. However, the law does not specify what must be
included in the minutes. Presumably, minutes should be prepared just as for an open meeting, except
that any portion of the minutes that discuss topics of attorney-client privilege should be identified as
such, noted, and not recorded in detail. The minutes should also include each issue discussed in the
executive session.
Are minutes required for executive session meetings discussing an exempt matter other than land
acquisition?
Yes. Minutes must be kept for all executive sessions.
If a non-exempt topic is broached in an executive session, should that be noted in the minutes?
The law does not address this, but the purpose of preparing executive session minutes is to provide
evidence as to what occurred in executive session in case of future court inspection. Noting how this
situation was handled by the chair or presiding officer in the minutes, coupled with the sworn affidavit,
may help to address future issues about what was discussed, or rather not discussed, at the executive
session.
How should minutes of executive sessions be approved?
The law is silent on how minutes of executive sessions should be approved. Commissioners and county
clerks should discuss with their county attorney how to properly review and approve the minutes. One
suggestion is to have the minutes prepared during the executive session, have each commissioner
review the minutes before the meeting has concluded, and then have the commissioners approve the
minutes when they return to the public meeting. Other options include approving the minutes at the
next executive session or at the next regular meeting.
68 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(e)(2)(C).
69 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-4(b)(1).
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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FAQ
Where should executive session minutes be stored?
Executive session minutes should be kept in a secure location within the board of commissioners’
office, separate from the open meeting minutes.
If a challenge is made to the executive session, how can the county prove that it complied with
the open meetings law without releasing executive session minutes?
The open meetings law provides that a judge may privately examine the minutes in order to
substantiate that the commissioners discussed only legally permitted topics in executive session. This
allows the county to prove compliance with the law without disclosing confidential minutes to the
party who challenges the legality of an executive session.
Do minutes of an executive session have to be prepared from a verbatim transcript or tape?
No. As with regular meetings, there is no requirement that executive sessions be taped or that a
verbatim transcript be made for use in preparing the minutes.
ENFORCEMENT OF THE OPEN MEETINGS LAW
The superior courts of this state have jurisdiction to enforce compliance with the open meetings law,
including the power to grant injunctions or other equitable relief. In addition to an action that may
be brought by a person, firm, corporation, or other entity, the Attorney General is authorized to bring
enforcement actions, both civil and criminal, to enforce compliance with the open meetings law.
70
ACTIONS TO ENFORCE THE OPEN MEETINGS LAW
The Attorney General, the press, a citizen, a corporation, or any other private party may file a
complaint or civil suit in superior court to invalidate any action taken in a meeting that did not meet
the requirements of the open meetings law (e.g., a meeting that was improperly advertised; a meeting
that was improperly closed; a meeting where an agenda, summary, or minutes were not prepared or
released in a timely manner; a closed meeting on a non-exempt topic; etc.). However, in addition to
seeking to invalidate actions taken in an illegal meeting, the Attorney General and the district attorney
may file a criminal action in superior court for violations of the open meetings law.
FAQ
Who pays for the legal defense of the commissioners if they are sued or prosecuted for an
open meetings law violation?
Either the individual commissioners will personally cover the cost of defense and the fine, or as
authorized by O.C.G.A. § 45-9-21, the board of commissioners may cover the cost of defending
civil and criminal lawsuits involving county officials or employees. Additionally, the defense of these
cases may be covered by the county’s insurance policies, if any.
70 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-5(a).
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WHEN AN ACTION MUST BE FILED
Except for zoning decisions, any action contesting a resolution, rule, regulation, ordinance, or other
formal action of a county based on an alleged violation of the open meetings law must be commenced
within 90 days of the date that the alleged violation occurred. However, if the meeting was held in
a manner not permitted by law, the challenge can be filed within 90 days from the date the party
alleging the violation knew or should have known about the alleged violation, as long as such date is
not more than six months after the date that the alleged violation occurred.
71
Any open meeting challenge to a zoning decision must be commenced within 30 days as allowed by
law for appeal of such zoning decision.
72
EFFECT OF ILLEGAL MEETING ON DECISIONS
Except as otherwise provided by law, all meetings must be open to the public. All votes at any meeting
must be taken in public after due notice of the meeting and compliance with the posting and agenda
requirements of the open meetings law. Any resolution, rule, regulation, ordinance, or other official
action of a county adopted, taken, or made at a meeting that is not open to the public as required by
the open meetings law will not be binding.
75
FAQ
May a decision made at a meeting that was closed improperly be challenged any time after the
meeting?
O.C.G.A. § 5-3-20 provides that an action challenging a zoning decision must be filed within 30
days of the meeting. For all other types of decisions, the action must be filed within 90 days of the
meeting, or within 90 days of the alleging party knowing about the violation, as long as that is still
within six months. If no challenge is raised within the 30-day period or 90-day period, the official
action taken in the allegedly illegal meeting will stand. However, be aware that criminal penalties may
be imposed for a violation at any time within two years of the violation.
73
When may criminal actions be brought against commissioners or others who participate in a
meeting that was not properly advertised or an unauthorized executive session?
Criminal actions for open meetings violations may be brought at any time within two years of the
violation.
74
When may civil penalties be brought against commissioners or others who participate in a
meeting that was not properly advertised or an unauthorized executive session?
Any claim for a civil action must be brought within 90 days of the violation, or if the meeting was
held illegally, within 90 days that the party alleging the violation knew or should have known about
the violation, as long as that is within six months of the violation.
71 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(b)(2); Tisdale v. City of Cumming, 326 Ga. App. 19 (2014).
72 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(b)(3).
73 O.C.G.A. § 17-3-1(e).
74 Id.
75 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(b)(2).
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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FAQ
What effect does improperly advertised or posted notice of a meeting have on county business
conducted at that meeting?
If successfully challenged, any action taken or business conducted at a meeting held in violation of the
open meetings law would be void.
What should a county do if there is uncertainty over whether all requirements of the open
meetings law have been met?
If there is doubt about whether or not a meeting is in violation of the open meetings law and the
county wants to ensure that any actions taken at that meeting are upheld, the actions should be
ratified at a subsequent meeting that has clearly met all of the requirements.
COURT COSTS AND ATTORNEYS’ FEES
In any action brought to enforce the open meetings law in which the court determines that the
board or committee acted without substantial justification for exemption, the court must assess
reasonable attorneys’ fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred in favor of the complaining
party, unless it finds that special circumstances exist. Whether the position of the complaining party
was substantially justified is determined on the basis of the record as a whole that is made in the
proceeding for which fees and other expenses are sought.
76
FAQ
What can county officials do to avoid paying attorneys’ fees to the plaintiff when a violation of the
open meetings law has occurred?
If the county attorney determines that the requirements of the open meetings law have been met and
the board conducts the meeting in reliance on that opinion, then the board has a good faith argument
that it acted with substantial justification and should not be subject to the complaining party’s
attorneys’ fees if the meeting is later determined to have been in violation. In such a matter, it is very
important that the county attorney be given all of the relevant facts so that he or she may provide an
informed opinion and that the county attorney’s advice is followed.
Can a board of commissioners require the complaining party to pay the board’s attorneys’ fees if
the county wins an open meetings challenge in superior court?
No. Parties to a lawsuit are generally only entitled to attorneys’ fees when a statute specifically
authorizes the imposition of attorneys’ fees. Unlike the open records law, which does authorize the
county to recover attorneys’ fees, when a lawsuit is instituted without substantial justification, there is
no authorization for the county to recover the taxpayers’ funds expended on attorneys’ fees in defending
a frivolous open meetings lawsuit.
76 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-5(b).
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CRIMINAL PENALTY FOR OPEN MEETINGS LAW VIOLATION
Any person knowingly and willfully conducting or participating in a
meeting in violation of the open meetings law may be found guilty of
a misdemeanor and upon conviction will be subject to a fine up to
$1,000. A criminal fine up to $2,500 per violation per person may be
imposed for each additional violation committed within a 12-month
period from the date that the first fine was imposed.
77
It is a defense to any criminal action under the open meetings law
that a person has acted in good faith in his or her actions.
78
CIVIL PENALTY FOR OPEN MEETINGS LAW VIOLATION
A civil penalty may be imposed by the court in any civil action brought pursuant to the open
meetings law against any person who negligently violates the terms of the law in an amount not to
exceed $1,000 for the first violation. A civil penalty up to $2,500 per violation per person may be
imposed for each additional violation committed within a 12-month period from the date that the
first penalty was imposed.
79
The best way to avoid violations is to strictly
adhere to the requirements of the open
meetings law, limit executive sessions
to matters that are clearly specified as
exemptions to the law, and seek the advice of
the county attorney if there is any doubt.
FAQ
What are the different penalties and possible results of violating the open meetings law?
In addition to invalidating any action taken at a meeting improperly conducted or improperly closed, officials
participating in an illegal meeting may be found guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a $1,000 fine or
civil penalty. More than one violation within one year may result in a $2,500 criminal fine or civil penalty.
If an executive session affidavit contains false information, the presiding officer may be convicted of
a felony punishable by one to five years in prison and/or a $1,000 fine. Also, violations of the open
meetings law may be grounds for recall.
80
Additionally, civil penalties may be sought against violators.
What can county commissioners do to avoid violations of the open meetings law?
If there is any question as to whether a meeting must be open to the public, whether a meeting
was properly closed, or whether a meeting has been properly advertised, the commissioners should
request an opinion from the county attorney. If the county attorney rules that the commissioners are
in compliance with the open meetings law and the commissioners conduct the meeting in reliance on
that opinion, it could be argued that any open meetings violation was unintentional. On the other hand,
if the county attorney rules that the meeting should be open, was not properly closed, or has not been
properly advertised, then failure to heed his or her advice could pose serious problems if the meeting is
challenged by a citizen or the press. County officials should remember that Georgia courts have a history
of liberally construing the open meetings law—which means that they will rule in favor of openness. The
best way to avoid violations, therefore, is to strictly adhere to the requirements of the open meetings
law, limit executive sessions to matters that are clearly specified as exemptions to the law, and seek the
advice of the county attorney if there is any doubt.
77 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-6. “Person” as defined in this code section applies only to natural persons. See Gravitt v. Olens, 333
Ga. App. 484 (2015).
78 Id.
79 Id.
80 O.C.G.A. § 21-4-3(7).
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
39
81 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-5(c).
FAQ
May a commissioner found in violation of the open meetings law have civil or criminal penalties
brought against him or her?
Yes. The initial fine cannot exceed $1,000. The maximum fine cannot exceed $2,500 per violation
whether criminal or civil.
What is the difference between a civil or criminal violation?
A civil violation can be brought for negligence, while a criminal penalty would require showing a
willful and knowing violation.
DEFENSE AGAINST LAWSUIT FOR RELEASING INFORMATION IN OPEN MEETING
Any board, local agency, committee, or person who provides access to information in good faith
reliance on the requirements of the open meetings law will not be liable in any action on account of
having provided access to that information.
81
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GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
41
82 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-70(a).
83 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(a).
84 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(b)(1)(B).
Open Records Law
Public policy of the state strongly favors open government. Open government is essential to a free,
open, and democratic society. Public access to public records is encouraged to foster confidence in
government. It allows the public to evaluate how public funds are spent. It also allows the public to
evaluate the efficient and proper functioning of its governments.
In Georgia, there is a strong presumption that public records should be made available for public
inspection without delay. The open records law is broadly construed to allow the inspection of
governmental records. The exceptions provided in the open records law, together with any other
exception located elsewhere in the law, must be interpreted narrowly to exclude only those portions of
records addressed by exception.
82
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
RIGHT TO PERSONALLY INSPECT, COPY, OR PHOTOGRAPH OPEN RECORDS
All public records of the county or other agency must be open for personal inspection and copying
by the general public except those records that are required to be kept confidential by an order of a
Georgia court or those records that are exempted from being open to inspection by law.
83
At the time
of inspection, any person may make photographic copies or other electronic reproductions of the
records using suitable portable devices brought to the place of inspection.
The county may, in its discretion, provide copies of a record in lieu of providing access to the record
when portions of the record contain confidential information that must be redacted.
84
PROCESS OF COMPLYING WITH THE OPEN RECORDS LAW
Open records requests may be made orally or in writing. A county may require that written requests
be made to a particular person or persons designated by the county.
Upon receiving an open records request, the person in charge of the records (i.e., the chair or
executive officer, department head, clerk specifically designated by a county as the custodian of
the records, or designated open records custodian) should first determine whether the county has
documents that are responsive to the request (i.e., do the requested documents exist and were they
prepared, maintained, or received in the course of operating the county?).
If the county has documents responsive to the request, then the person in charge of the records must
determine whether the documents fall within any of the exceptions to the open records law. If the
records are exempt, the county must accurately identify all relevant provisions in law that allow or
require the records to be considered confidential and not subject to disclosure. The county attorney
should be consulted immediately if there is any uncertainty about releasing a record. (See Resources,
Summary of Open Records Law Exemptions, p. 173.)
FAQ
What if a citizen requests documents, but does not mention the open records law? Or requests
the documents under the Freedom of Information Act?
In either instance, although the open records law was not specifically invoked, the request should be
treated as an open records request and handled accordingly.
Does an open records request have to be in writing?
No. The county may not require that an open records request be in writing. The county can, however,
require that all written requests be made to a designated person. Also, only requests made in writing
are subject to criminal and civil enforcement. Counties can facilitate the making of records requests in
writing by providing simple forms for use by requestors and suggesting submittal of written requests
by fax, e-mail, regular mail, or by submitting a request in person.
87
Can a county restrict access to public records to times when an employee is present to monitor
the inspection?
Yes. However, every effort should be made to accommodate the requestor.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
42
Within three business days of receiving the request, the county must provide the requested records
or notify the requestor, preferably in writing, as to whether the requested documents are public
documents subject to disclosure or are exempt. If the county has designated an open records
custodian, the three-day period begins when that person (or their alternate if they are absent) receives
the request. If the county has not designated an open records custodian, the three-day period begins
when the county receives the request.
85
If the requested records are readily available, the county must provide copies of or access to the
requested documents within the three-day period.
86
If the records are subject to disclosure but not
readily available, the person in charge of the records must provide a description of the requested
documents and a timetable for their release to the requesting party. The description and timetable
must be provided within the three-day period following receipt of the request.
If the county intends to seek reimbursement for the costs of search, retrieval, and copying of the
requested records as allowed by O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(d) and the charge is greater than $25, the
county must provide an estimate of the charge, preferably in writing, to the requestor before fulfilling
the request. Again, the estimate must be provided to the requestor within the three-day period. If the
charge is greater than $500, the county may require the requestor to pre-pay.
Failure to affirmatively respond to an open records request within three business days as outlined
above constitutes a violation of the open records law.
85 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(b)(2).
86 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(b)(1)(A).
87 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(b)(3).
FAQ
88 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(b)(1)(A).
May a county allow a requestor to review requested records, but refuse to allow him or her to
make copies of the records?
No. The law gives citizens the right to both inspect and make copies of open records.
May the county stop a requestor from bringing a scanner or other device to record the image of a
document or record?
No. So long as the scanner or device does not unreasonably interfere with the operation of the county,
a requestor may bring a scanner or other device to record county records. However, the county may
want to post a notice that some records may be copyright protected and that the requestor records
them at his or her own risk.
May a reporter demand immediate access to a particular file?
While all records (except those exempted in O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72 or elsewhere) must be made
available for inspection, counties may impose reasonable conditions as to the time and place that
the records may be viewed. At the very least, counties have three business days to determine if the
records are subject to disclosure and, if available, to provide access to or copies of the records. If the
records exist and are subject to disclosure, but cannot be made available within three business days
of the request, the county must provide a written description of the records with a timetable for their
inspection and copying.
88
Does a county have to respond to an open records request made by an out-of-state resident who
does not own property in the county?
Yes.
May a county require the name of the person requesting documents before providing access to
documents?
No.
May a county require the reason for a records request before providing access to the documents?
No.
Who determines whether a requestor receives copies of records or is allowed to inspect the
original records?
In general, it is up to the requestor to decide. One exception is an open record that contains
information that must be kept confidential (see Resources, Summary of Open Records Law
Exemptions, p. 173). In such a case, the county can make a copy, redact the confidential information,
and allow the requestor to review the redacted copy.
If a citizen repeatedly makes voluminous open records requests but never picks up or pays the
copying and administrative charges, can the county refuse to respond to future open records
requests?
No. The county may not refuse to respond to an open records request, but it may require prepayment
for future records requests by requestors that have not paid prior costs. Additionally, as long as the
county provides notification of the estimated copying charges discussed in O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(c)(3)
(d), the county may enforce collection of the copying and administrative expenses incurred, regardless
of whether the citizen retrieves the copies.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
43
EXAMPLES OF OTHER LOCAL AGENCIES
SUBJECT TO THE OPEN RECORDS LAW
• Airport authority
• Board of equalization
• Board of health
• Board of tax assessors
• Board of zoning appeals
• Clerk of court
• Development authority
• District attorney
• Hospital authority
• Housing authority
• Merit board
• Personnel review board
• Planning commission
• Recreation commission
• Regional commission
• Sheriff
• Tax commissioner
• Water and sewer
authority
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
44
AGENCIES SUBJECT TO THE OPEN RECORDS LAW
Essentially the same agencies that are subject to the
open meetings law, are also subject to the open records
law including the board of commissioners, city councils,
school boards, and other local agencies. (See Agencies
Subject to the Open Meetings Law, p. 8.) Additionally,
any association, corporation, or similar organization
that is made up of and receives 33 1/3 percent of its
operating budget from counties, cities, or school districts
is subject to the requirements of the open records law.
89
Such local government associations include the ACCG,
Georgia Municipal Association, the Georgia Sheriff’s
Association, and the Georgia School Boards Association.
PUBLIC RECORDS THAT MUST BE RELEASED
Public records are documents, papers, letters, maps,
books, tapes, photographs, computer-based or generated
information, data, data fields, or similar material prepared
and maintained or received by a county or other agency
or by a private person or entity performing a service or
function for or on behalf of the county or other agency.
Public records are also those documents that have been
transferred to a private person or entity by the county or
other agency for storage or future governmental use.
90
Copies of exhibits are open records in most cases,
although an original exhibit tendered to a court as evidence in a criminal or civil trial is not open to
public inspection without approval of the judge assigned to the case. Except for physical evidence
used as an exhibit in a criminal or civil trial pertaining to certain offenses related to minors, if
the court does not allow inspection of the actual exhibit, the records custodian must provide a
photograph, photocopy, facsimile, or other reproduction of the trial exhibit.
91
89 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-70(b)(1).
90 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-70(b)(2).
91 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(c).
FAQ
Are messages e-mailed on county computers considered public records subject to disclosure?
Yes. All e-mails are considered public records and must be disclosed unless they fall under an
exemption to the open records law in O.C.G.A. §50-18-72 or some other statute. Be aware that
deleted e-mails can oftentimes be retrieved and would be considered public documents as well.
Is e-mail sent from a commissioner’s or employee’s private e-mail account subject to disclosure?
Regardless as to whether the e-mail was sent from a county issued e-mail account or a personal
account, if the information contained within the e-mail pertains to county business and does not fall
under an exemption authorized by law, then it must be released.
What if the e-mail was sent from a personal computer?
It does not matter if the e-mail was sent from a county issued computer or a personal computer; if the
e-mail is work-related and does not fall under an exemption, it is subject to the open records law.
Are messages on a county issued smartphone, cell phone, or other wireless handheld device
subject to the open records law?
Yes. Unless a particular e-mail falls under an exemption authorized by law, all e-mails on a county
issued blackberry, smartphone, cell phone, tablet, or computer must be released. Messages that are
sent through an electronic medium usually create a record that is stored in the server of the county’s
computer system or hard drive of the electronic device.
May a county employee bypass the open records law if they purchase a phone and get
reimbursed by the county for the monthly bills?
No. Any work-related records, as well as the employee’s monthly bills, must be disclosed if requested
unless the records fall under an exception authorized by law. For instance, the portions of the monthly
bill that contain account numbers would be exempt. However, the rest of the bill would have to be
disclosed. Likewise, e-mails, texts, and other messages related to county business would be subject to
release.
Does a county employee have to disclose messages on their personal smartphone, cell phone, or
other wireless handheld device if they do not receive reimbursement from the county?
If the message was sent or received in relation to county business, then it must be released unless
it falls under an exception authorized by law. It does not matter if the message was sent through a
county issued or personal device, as long as the message is related to county business.
Can the information that a county employee sends through instant messaging on their computer
be subjected to an open records request?
Yes. Just like e-mail, there is a record of the information that is sent through instant messaging. An
instant message can be subject to a request if it relates to county business, unless the information is
an exemption authorized by law.
Are voicemails that are converted to a WAV file and delivered as e-mail to an employee’s
computer subject to the open records law?
If there is a record of the voicemail, regardless if it is a WAV file, tape, or other medium, it is treated
just like any other record and would be subject to disclosure absent an exemption authorized by law.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
45
FAQ
Are calendars an open record?
A paper or electronic calendar kept on county equipment is a record subject to disclosure. Similarly,
portions of a personal calendar containing appointments related to county business may be subject to
disclosure as well.
Is information posted on or through the county’s social networking site (e.g., Facebook,
Instagram, Twitter, etc.) subject to the open records law?
Yes. It is treated just like any other written record and would be subject to disclosure absent an
exemption authorized by law.
What are “cookies” and how should a county respond to a request for this type of information?
“Cookies” are information downloaded to a computer when a website is accessed. This information
should be treated just like any other type of record and should be subject to disclosure, absent an
exemption authorized by law.
Are all contracts open records?
Any contract involving the county or other agency is an open record that must be disclosed. However,
portions of the contract may be redacted if it falls within one of the exemptions authorized by law,
but the non-exempt portions of the contract must be released. (See Records Exempted from the Open
Records Law, p. 66.)
If a document such as an ordinance or contract is still in draft form, must it be provided if a
citizen requests it?
Yes.
Do reports, evaluations, recommendations, etc., prepared by consultants for the county have to
be released under the open records law?
Yes.
Does the county have to release documents that may be embarrassing?
Yes. If the documents relate to county business and do not fall under an exemption authorized by law,
then they must be released.
Must a county provide requested data that is only available in an electronic format?
Yes. If the requested information does not fall within an exemption authorized by law then the
county should do one of the following: (1) copy it onto electronic media for the requestor; (2) allow
the requestor to review the information on the county’s computer system; or (3) send the requested
records via e-mail, if it is available and practicable.
92
Can a county send documents to the county attorney to avoid producing them in response to an
open records request?
No. Records do not become confidential merely by sending them to the county attorney’s office. Only
if the documents are subject to the attorney-client privilege or the attorney work product privilege,
pursuant to document O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(41) or some other exception authorized by law, are
they exempt from disclosure.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
46
92 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(f).
FAQ
If a county official has county records at his or her home or office, are those records still
subject to disclosure?
Yes. A public record that does not fall within an exception authorized by law is subject to disclosure,
even if it is located in a county official’s home or office.
Are handwritten notes on a scratch piece of paper made by a county commissioner or employee
a public record?
Unless the subject matter of the notes is exempt from disclosure as authorized by law, handwritten
notes are considered public records.
What if a citizen makes a request for documents that the county does not have?
The citizen must be notified, preferably in writing, within three business days of making the request,
that there are no documents responsive to the request.
May a citizen make a request for copies of the minutes of all future meetings of the board of
commissioners?
No. There is no requirement that counties must produce records that did not exist at the time of the
request.
93
Are trial exhibits subject to open records?
While the original exhibit is not subject to release without approval of the court, a copy, facsimile, or
photograph of the exhibit may be required to be made in order to provide the public access to most
trial exhibits. (See Original Trial Exhibits, p. 78).
Are the real estate records in the superior court clerk’s office subject to the open records law?
Yes. Any computerized index of county real estate deed records must be printed for purposes of
public inspection no less than every 30 days; any corrections made must be included in the printout
and reflect the time and date that the index was corrected.
94
If an individual sues the county, may he or she obtain documents relevant to the case through
the open records law rather than pursuant to the Civil Practice Act?
Generally, unless some other exemption applies, an individual suing the county may receive public
records through the open records law. However, a copy of the request and responding documents
must also be provided to the county attorney.
95
93 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(b)(1)(A).
94 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(i).
95 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(e).
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
47
96 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-99(d).
97 See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-99. Georgia Archives publishes the local government retention schedule as passed
by the State Records Committee. The most recent schedule can be found on the Georgia Archives website
at www.georgiaarchives.org.
COUNTY RECORDS RETENTION REQUIREMENTS
Proper record retention is an integral component in complying with the open records law. While the
open records law does not specify how long county records should be retained, O.C.G.A. § 50-18-
99 (c) and (d) requires counties to keep records according to the records management program
adopted by the board of commissioners. This plan must include a retention schedule, named records
officer, and provisions for the maintenance and security of records. Counties that have not adopted
a retention schedule are required to comply with the schedule established by the State Records
Committee (i.e. local government retention schedule).
96
Depending on the type of record, they may be kept on a short term, long term, or permanent basis.
Correspondence (i.e., emails, letters, other communications, etc.) is retained based on the subject
matter and the significance of the communication which may be transitory (kept for useful life),
general (kept for five years or duration of the record associated with the communication if longer than
five years) or administrative (permanent). Below are examples of county government records that are
required to be kept permanently:
97
•Administrative
correspondence
•Aerialphotographyand
other photographs of county
property and functions
•Afrmativeactionpolicies
•Agendas
•Annualandgrantreports
•Attorneys’opinions
•Auditreports
•Autopsyrecords/protocol
•Blueprintsand
specifications of county-
owned buildings (for the life
of the building)
•Boardofequalization
appeals
•Buildingcodes
•Cemeteryrecords
•Certicatesofoccupancy
(retain for life of the
building)
•Countypublications
•Countyroadmaintenance
dockets
•Easements
•Emergencyrelief
•Finalbudgets
•Historicpreservationles
•Maps
•Milestoneevents
•Millagerateresolutions
•Minutes
•Ordinances
•Plats/deeds
•Precinctboundarychanges
and files
•Racialbreakdownof
electors
•Radiobeaconrecords
•Realpropertyindexcards
•Recordsschedules
•Resolutions
•Right-of-wayagreements
•Speeches
•Standardoperating
procedures
•Voterregistrationcardsfor
active voters
•Zoningvariance
applications/ordinances
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
48
Georgia Archives provides assistance to local governments on the length of time that specific
documentsmustlegallybemaintained.However,itisalsoadvisablethatthepersoninchargeof
records review the types of records retained by the county with the county attorney and department
heads to determine the purpose and usage of these records to ensure the records are being properly
retained.(SeeResources,ModelOpenRecordsLawPolicy,p.116).
OPEN RECORDS OFFICER/CUSTODIAN
Counties may designate one or more open records custodians to
receive requests for inspection or copying of records. The records
custodian can be the chair, chief executive, department head, clerk,
or other designated county employee.
99
Counties that choose to designate a records custodian must provide
for the designation in writing, notify the legal organ of the county,
and post that information in a prominent place on the county
website, if available.
100
The board of commissioners must also
decide which county departments and offices are covered by the
designated open records custodian(s). (See Resources, Open Records
Model Forms, Open Records Officer Resolution, p. 115.)
98 See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-99.
99 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(b)(1)(B).
100 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(b)(2).
101 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-99.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
49
TERMINOLOGY
The terms “records officer” and “records
custodian” are used interchangeably
throughout the open records law. For the
purposes of this guide, “records custodian”
is used. However, note that the records
custodian referenced in the open records law
has different responsibilities than the records
custodian established by counties for record
retention and management purposes.
98
FAQ
If a county has already designated a records custodian in accordance with the records retention
law,
101
is there a need to designate a records custodian under the open records law?
Georgia’s record retention law requires every county to designate a records custodian for record
management purposes by ordinance or resolution. The open records law gives counties the option of
designating a records custodian, in writing, for the purpose of responding to open records requests.
Therefore, if a county previously adopted a resolution designating a records custodian and that
custodian was given the authority to respond to open records requests, then there is probably no need
for a subsequent designation.
However, if the original designation for the records custodian did not include language that
authorized the custodian to perform duties beyond record retention and maintenance, then a new
designation may be appropriate. (See Resources, Model Open Records Officer Resolution p. 115.)
If it is determined that the county does not need a subsequent designation, the name of the records
custodian must still be provided to the legal organ of the county and this information must be
displayed in a prominent place on the county website, if available.
Why would a county want to designate a records custodian?
Unless records custodians are appointed, every person who has or maintains public records is
considered a custodian of those records. By appointing an official records custodian, a county can
more effectively manage its duties under the open records law. In particular, where requests are
submitted in writing, the three-day response period does not begin until the custodian receives the
request. Another benefit is that specialized training can be provided to records custodians so that
errors and potential liability for failing to properly respond can be avoided.
FAQ
May a county require that all open records requests be directed to the designated records custodian?
While a county cannot require that all requests be in writing, the county can specify that if a written
request is made, it must be directed to the records custodian.
102
However, a verbal request may be
made to any county official or staff.
If the designated records custodian is not in the office when a records request is submitted, does
that mean that the three-day period starts when he or she returns?
No. The absence or unavailability of the designated records custodian cannot delay the county’s
response. It is recommended that the county provide for an alternate custodian or create a policy on
how to respond when the primary designated records custodian is unavailable, in order to respond to
requests within the three-day period.
103
DUTY TO USE ECONOMICAL MEANS OF PROVIDING COPIES
The county must utilize the most economical means available for providing copies of public records.
104
FAQ
If a large document can be transferred by e-mail to the requestor at a low cost, may a county
instead insist on making hard copies, which may cost substantially more?
No. The more economical method of copying should be employed unless the individual requests a
hard copy.
How should a county respond to an extremely broad request (e.g., to provide copies of any and
all documents relating to the purchase of materials, equipment, and supplies by the county; to
review and copy any correspondence to or from the county administrator; to review and copy every
contract to which the county is a party)?
If requested documents cannot be made available within the three-business-day time period, then
the county must provide a written description of the documents and a timetable for their release.
Oftentimes, a requesting party is unaware that their request is so broad and would prefer to narrow
the scope and reduce the cost of the request.
In order to respond to an overbroad inquiry in the most economical manner, the county should
contact the requestor as soon as possible within the three-day period to be more specific (e.g.,
Does the requestor want every contract since the formation of the county or just those in the past
three years? Is there a particular subject area in which the requestor is interested? etc.). Since the
requestor is not required to provide this information, the county must still be prepared to provide in
writing, within three business days, an estimate of the amount of time that it would take to respond
to the request, the salary of the lowest-paid person capable of responding to the request, and the
potential number of documents to respond to the request as originally stated.
102 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(b)(1)(B).
103 Id.
104 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(c)(1).
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
50
FAQ
Is a county required to provide requested documents through e-mail if requested by a citizen?
If the documents are available in electronic format and are subject to disclosure, the county must send
the documents via e-mail. If the county only has the records in a hard copy (i.e., paper) and does not
have the capability of scanning the records into an electronic format, then the county is not required to
provide the documents through e-mail. However, in such a case, the county would still be required to
provide the requestor the opportunity to review and copy the records.
If a county receives a request for data or records from its database, is the county required to run a
search?
Yes. Counties cannot refuse to produce electronic records, data, or data fields on the grounds that
exporting data or redaction of exempted data will require inputting range, search, filter, report
parameters, or similar commands or instructions into the computer system or database.
106
If the county retains requested information in an Excel spreadsheet, may they provide the requested
information in a PDF if the requestor asked for it to be provided in Excel?
No. A requestor may request that electronic records, data, and data fields be produced in the format in
which the data or records are kept by the county. In this case, since the county maintains the data or
records in Excel, it must provide the information in Excel if specified by the requestor. Alternatively, the
requestor could have specified the information in a standard export format, in which case the data or
records are to be downloaded in that format onto suitable electronic media by the county. The county
must comply with the format requested, if the county’s existing computer programs support the export
format.
107
105 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(f).
106 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(f).
107 Id.
ELECTRONIC ACCESS TO RECORDS
The county’s use of electronic record-keeping systems must not erode the public’s right of access
to records. Counties must produce electronic copies, printouts of electronic records, or data from
the county’s database fields at the option of the requestor. The county must not refuse to produce
electronic records, data, or data fields on the grounds that exporting data or redaction of exempted
information will require inputting range, search, filter, report parameters, or similar commands or
instructions into the county’s computer system, as long as such commands or instructions can be
executed using existing computer programs that the county uses in the ordinary course of business to
access, support, or otherwise manage the records or data.
A requestor may request that electronic records, data, or data fields be produced in the format in
which the data or electronic records are kept by the county, or in a standard export format such as a
flat file electronic American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) format, if the county’s
existing computer programs support that format. The data or electronic records must be downloaded
in that format onto suitable electronic media by the county.
105
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
51
FAQ
Is a county required to create and maintain a website to provide electronic access to county records?
No. However, a county may wish to consider placing many of its commonly requested documents
(e.g., minutes, ordinances, resolutions, budgets, audits, policies, etc.) on a website to provide easier
access to the public, as well as to potentially reduce the amount of staff time expended responding
to such requests. Caution should be used in choosing the format for records made available through
the county website. Records made available online should be posted in a PDF or read-only format
that prevents the user from being able to change the content. It should be noted, however, that if a
request is made to the county for an electronic document in the format that the document is kept by
the county and the document is available in that format, the county is required to provide the record
to the requestor in that format.
108
ACCESS TO E-MAIL, TEXTS, AND OTHER ELECTRONIC MESSAGES
Requests to inspect or copy electronic messages (whether in the form of an e-mail, text message, or
other format) should contain information about the messages that is reasonably calculated to allow
the county to locate the messages sought. The request should include the name, title, or office of
the specific person or persons whose electronic messages are sought, if known, and, to the extent
possible, the specific databases to be searched for such messages.
109
FAQ
Can a request be made for any and all e-mails about a new subdivision built in the county?
Yes, However, requestors should include the names or positions of the individuals whose e-mail
records should be searched (i.e., the board of commissioners, members of the subdivision review
committee, the county manager, the county clerk, the county engineer, the public works director,
the road superintendent, etc.) or the particular databases that should be searched (i.e., the appraisal
department, the tax commissioner’s office, the building department, the planning and zoning office,
the road department, etc.). If the request does not specify whose e-mail accounts are to be searched,
the county should contact the requestor as soon as possible and ask for the request to be narrowed,
advising the requestor of the higher cost of retrieval if not narrowed down.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
52
108 O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-71(f) and (h).
109 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(g).
FAQ
If a county manager receives an open records request for e-mails related to a particular issue that
were deleted when he cleaned out his inbox the previous day, is there an issue?
Possibly. County officials and employees may only delete e-mails in accordance with the county’s
record retention schedule. County governments are required to have a records management program
that includes the length of time each type of record must be kept.
110
If the county has not adopted
such a schedule, they are required to comply with the schedule established by the State Records
Committee.
111
The determination on how long to keep email depends upon the subject matter of the
email and the corresponding record retention requirements for that subject matter.
What if the county manager deliberately deleted e-mails to prevent disclosure?
Destruction of records for the purpose of preventing their disclosure is a felony punishable by 2 to 10
years in a state prison.
112
110 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-99.
111 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-99(d).
112 O.C.G.A. § 45-11-1.
113 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(b)(1)(A). The three business day record response period applies to most records requested
through the open records law with the exception of most intercollegiate sports program records of the University
System of Georgia, which have a 90 business day response timeframe.
TIME LIMIT FOR RESPONDING TO A REQUEST AND PRODUCING AVAILABLE RECORDS
The county must produce all records responsive to a request for inspection within a reasonable
amount of time, not to exceed three business days of receipt of a request. In counties that have
designated an open records custodian, the three-day period begins to toll once that custodian has
received the request. It should be noted that the absence or unavailability of the designated open
records custodian is not an excuse to postpone responding to the request. As such, the county should
have an alternate records custodian or create a policy on how to handle these requests in the absence
of the custodian in order to meet the three-day deadline.
When some, but not all, records are available within three business days, the county must provide
the records that can be located and produced. When records are unavailable within three business
days of receipt of the request, the county must provide the requestor (during the three business days
following the request) with a description of those records and a timeline for when the records will be
available for inspection or copying. The county must provide the responsive records or access thereto
as soon as practicable.
113
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FAQ
A newspaper demands that a county produce requested records within three days of the request.
Must the county comply?
Yes. If the records are readily available and are not subject to any exceptions authorized by law, then
the county must at least provide access to the documents and permit the newspaper to make copies
within three business days of the request.
Note, however, that the law also allows the county to estimate the cost of providing records and to
notify the requestor prior to providing the records if the estimated cost is greater than $25. Therefore,
the county may also respond within the three-day period by acknowledging that the records are
available, but specifying the cost of accommodating the request.
A request for records is sent to the planning department, but is forwarded to the county engineer
because he is the designated open records custodian of the requested records. Does the three-
business-day time period begin to run on the date that the request is received by the planning
department or the date received by the engineering department?
The three-business-day time period begins when the designated records custodian receives the
request. In this example, it starts to run when the county engineer receives the request. It should
be noted, however, that a county employee or official knowingly sending the request to the wrong
department or person in order to delay the request may be punishable by civil or criminal penalties.
114
If the files containing the requested records are stored off-site, does the county still have to provide
access within three business days?
If the documents are readily available, even though stored off-site, then the county must provide
access within the three days. However, if the requested documents are not available within three
business days, the county may provide a written description of the documents to the requesting party
within the three-day time period that includes a timetable establishing when the documents will be
available.
What if the request for records is voluminous?
If the request for documents is so large that it is not possible to locate or copy the records within the
three business days, the county must provide (within the three–day time period) a written description
of the documents with a timetable establishing when the documents will be available to the requesting
party.
What if the requested documents are exempted by the open records law or some other statute?
Within three business days of receiving the request, the county must notify the individual requesting
the documents of the exact and correct code section, subsection, and paragraph in the law that
exempts the documents from disclosure.
115
114 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-74.
115 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(d).
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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FAQ
What if it is not clear whether the requested document is subject to disclosure?
The county attorney should be consulted immediately. If it remains uncertain whether a document
falls into an exception authorized by law, the county has three business days to obtain an order from
superior court staying or refusing the release of the document.
Although not required by law, in many instances, the requestor may be willing to accept a reasonable
delay in releasing documents to allow the county to make a final determination. However, it would be
up to the requesting party to decide whether or not a delay would be acceptable or for how long.
May a county merely send a letter acknowledging receipt of an open records request within three
business days?
No. The law requires that the records custodian determine whether the records are open to the
public and provide access to the records, if they are available, within the three-day period. Merely
acknowledging receipt of an open records request is not sufficient to meet the requirement of the law.
FAQ
How long does the county have to determine whether the requested records are subject to release?
The county has up to three business days to determine whether the records fall within one of the
exceptions authorized by law, as well as to provide the records, if available.
How does a records custodian properly specify the appropriate exemption?
The records custodian must cite the reference to the Official Code of Georgia Annotated (O.C.G.A.)
that provides the legal authority for denying a member of the public access to information. For
instance, if the record requested is a real estate appraisal on property that the commissioners are
considering purchasing, the legal authority for denying access to the appraisal is O.C.G.A. § 50-18-
72(a)(9); “50-18-72” is the code section; “(a)” is the subsection; and “(9)” is the paragraph.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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116 Id. While the law requires that the specific legal authority exempting the requested record must be provided,
failure to provide the specific legal authority does not automatically entitle the requestor to the document. Chua v.
Johnson, 336 Ga. App. (2016).
RESPONDING TO REQUESTS FOR RECORDS THAT ARE EXEMPT
If the county is required or has decided to withhold all or part of a requested record, the requestor
must be notified of the specific legal authority exempting the requested record or records from
disclosure by code section, subsection, and paragraph within a reasonable amount of time, not to
exceed three business days. In the event that the search and retrieval of records is delayed, then the
specific legal authority must be provided no later than three business days after the records have been
retrieved.
116
How does the records custodian know which exemption and code section, subsection, and paragraph
number applies to the requested documents?
Most of the exemptions are contained in section (a) of O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72. However, there may be
other relevant code sections that exempt records from disclosure. Examples include the exemption
regarding use of elector lists (O.C.G.A. § 21-2-225); the exemption protecting the name of a rape
victim (O.C.G.A. § 16-6-23); the exemption restricting access to wills (O.C.G.A. § 15-9-38); and the
exemption for cable and video service provider financial information (O.C.G.A. § 36-76-6(d)), etc. (See
Resources, Summary of Open Records Law Exemptions, p. 173.) If there is any uncertainty about
whether an exemption applies, the county attorney should be immediately consulted.
What happens if an open records request is made for documents containing materials that are
exempt and the records custodian incorrectly cites the code section, subsection, or paragraph?
While the law does not prohibit amending a response if the county discovers and wants to correct a
mistake, it is important to be sure all exemptions are listed correctly in the response. Any uncertain
exemptions should be verified by the county attorney.
What should a county official do if it is not clear whether a document is covered by an exception
authorized by law?
The county attorney should be consulted. Note, however, that the Georgia Supreme Court has
repeatedly determined that whenever there is doubt as to whether a record should be open or
confidential, the Court is likely to rule that it is an open record (see Resources, Open Records Court
Decisions and Attorney General Opinions, Hardaway Company v. Rives, p. 155).
If a reporter requests a document containing sensitive information that is clearly open to the public
and does not meet any open records exceptions, can the board of commissioners deny the request if
the document is available from another source?
No. If a record is open to the public, it does not matter whether the reporter can obtain the information
from another agency or source.
FAQ
WHEN ONLY A PORTION OF A RECORD FALLS WITHIN AN EXEMPTION
Exemptions to the open records law must be interpreted narrowly. Only the portion of a public record
to which an exemption is directly applicable may be excluded. It is the duty of the county to provide
all other portions of a record for public inspection or copying.
117
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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117 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(b).
What if a portion of a document falls under an exception authorized by law?
The document must be released without the confidential information. The county should make a
copy of the document and redact (i.e., mark out) any confidential information prior to releasing the
document. The county is permitted to recoup costs for redaction if the redaction is performed by a
full-time employee of the county.
If the county attorney redacts the requested documents to protect confidential information, can the
county charge the cost of the attorney’s fees to the requestor?
Generally, no. The exception would be for county attorneys that are full-time employees of the county
rather than outside counsel.
FAQ
REQUESTS FOR RECORDS BY PARTIES TO A CIVIL LAWSUIT
Requests by civil litigants (i.e., parties to a lawsuit) for records that are sought as part of or for use in
any ongoing civil or administrative litigation against a county must be made in writing and copied to
the county attorney at the same time as their submission to that county. The county must provide, at
no cost, duplicate sets of all records produced in response to the request to the county attorney unless
the county attorney elects not to receive the records.
118
FAQ
A former employee has made an open records request for employee evaluations related to his or
her lawsuit. How should the county respond?
This request must be handled like any other open records request, except that a copy of all
documents provided to the former employee must also be given to the county attorney unless he or
she has elected not to receive them.
The county sued a contractor for breach of contract. The contractor has now made an open records
request for all documents related to the project. What should the county do?
The records must be provided to the contractor just like any other open records request. However,
the documents must also be provided to the county attorney, unless he or she has let the county
know that they do not want copies.
May the county charge the county attorney for the copies that it provides to an open records
request related to a civil case in which the county is involved?
No. The law requires that a copy of the documents be provided to the county attorney free of charge
unless the county attorney has indicated that he or she does not want to receive the copies.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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118 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(e).
FAQ
Can county taxpayers be reimbursed for the cost of providing copies to an individual?
Yes.
121
To offset the cost to the taxpayers of providing records, counties may charge up to 10¢ per page
for copies and the cost of search and retrieval.
Can a board of commissioners obtain a list of the county electors qualified to vote without charge from
the board of registrars?
Yes. The board of registrars must provide such a list to the board at no charge.
122
Is it permissible for a superior court clerk to charge a higher fee for records or computer-generated data?
Yes. O.C.G.A. § 15-6-96 creates an exception authorizing the superior court clerk to distribute, sell, or
otherwise market records of the clerk’s office and to set fees greater than the 10¢ per page or the cost
of the electronic media established in the open records law, pursuant to a contract entered into by the
clerk and the requestor. If the clerk of superior court is also the clerk of another court, the same exception
applies.
Administrative Charges for Search, Retrieval, and Other Costs of Complying with a Request
A county may impose a reasonable charge for search, retrieval, redaction, and production or copying
costs for the production of records. Counties must use the most economical means reasonably
calculated to identify and produce responsive, non-excluded documents. If fees for certified copies
or other copies of records are specifically authorized or otherwise allowed by law, that specific fee
must apply when those documents are being requested. In all other instances, the charge for search,
retrieval, or redaction of records must not exceed the prorated hourly salary of the lowest-paid, full-
time employee who, in the reasonable discretion of the records custodian, has the necessary skill
and training to perform the request, except that no charge may be made for the first 15 minutes.
123
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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FEES AND CHARGES FOR FULFILLING RECORDS REQUESTS
Fees for Copies of Public Records
A county may charge a fee for the copying of records or data, not to exceed 10¢ per page for letter
or legal size documents. In the case of other documents, the actual cost of producing the copy may
be charged. For electronic records, the county may charge the actual cost of the media on which the
records or data are produced.
119
While not required by the open records law, a uniform rate should
be established countywide for other documents and media so that different records custodians do not
charge different rates for copying or producing documents that are not letter or legal sized. In some
cases, higher fees may be permitted for copying or producing specific types of records if specified in
law, such as computerized geographic information system (GIS) records.
120
119 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(c)(2).
120 O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-71(c)(2) and 50-29-2.
121 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(c).
122 O.C.G.A. § 21-2-227.
123 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(c)(1).
Who decides which employee has the necessary skill and training to respond to the request?
If one has been appointed, the open records custodian may be assigned responsibility for determining
who is capable of responding to the request. Whether or not a custodian has been appointed, it would
be advisable for county management staff to develop standing procedures for determining which staff is
to respond to open records requests.
If the lowest-paid, full-time employee capable of responding to the request is paid $7.25 per hour and
it takes two hours to retrieve and copy the requested documents, how much may the county charge to
offset the cost to the taxpayers for the cost of providing access to the records?
Since there is no reimbursement for staff time for the first 15 minutes of work, the county may charge
$12.69 plus 10¢ per page copied.
What is the basis for calculating staff time for responding to the open records request?
The law only permits reimbursement of the employee’s prorated hourly salary or the hourly equivalent of
the employee’s weekly or monthly salary.
Must a county provide, retrieve, and copy documents free of charge if the person requesting the
documents files a pauper’s affidavit?
No. Neither the open records law nor case law requires the county to provide records free of charge
upon the filing a pauper’s affidavit.
124
Must a county provide an estimated cost prior to fulfilling the request?
Only if the estimated cost is greater than $25 is a county required to notify the requestor within three
business days and provide an estimate of the costs.
Must a county provide the records requested regardless of cost?
No. If the estimated cost is more than $25, the county may wait to search for and retrieve the records
until the requestor agrees to pay the estimated costs (unless the requestor has stated in his or her
request a willingness to pay an amount that exceeds the search and retrieval costs). If the estimated
costs for production of the records exceed $500, the county may insist on prepayment of the costs
before beginning search, retrieval, review, or production of the records.
125
May a county manager be assigned to retrieve minutes from an open meeting and thereby charge a
higher hourly rate for doing so?
The salary of the county manager could be recovered only if the county manager is the lowest-paid,
qualified, full-time employee who is capable of responding to the request. While there may be some
sensitive or complex records that may be suitable for the county manager to retrieve, it is more likely
to be appropriate for clerical staff to retrieve minutes and other basic records. Although the records
custodian may be given the discretion to decide which employee has the necessary skills or training to
carry out the task, he or she must use the most economical means available.
126
FAQ
124 McBride v. Wetherington, 199 Ga. App. 7 (1991).
125 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(d).
126 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(c)(1).
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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If a county attorney actually makes copies of documents that could have been copied by clerical staff,
may the rate of the county attorney be charged?
No. Even if a higher-paid employee actually fulfills the request, the county may only charge the hourly
rate of the lowest-paid person capable of performing the request.
May a county attorney’s hourly rate be charged if he or she reviews the requested documents prior to
their release to ensure that no confidential information is contained in the documents?
Generally, no. The Georgia Court of Appeals has held that the open records law does not permit the
county to recover the cost of legal review of requested documents.
127
However, if the county’s attorneys
are full-time employees, their prorated hourly salaries can be charged if their services are necessary for
redaction purposes.
May the cost to redact exempt information from a requested record be recouped?
Yes. The county may charge the same hourly wage of the lowest-paid, qualified full-time employee for
the cost of redaction. As noted above, the prorated cost of a county attorney’s time may be charged so
long as he or she is a full-time employee of the county.
If there are two employees who are capable of making the copies—one full-time employee who earns
$8.00 per hour and one part-time employee who earns $6.50 per hour—what hourly rate is used to
compute the county’s reimbursement?
The county must be reimbursed at the rate of $8.00 an hour since the law specifies that the salary of
the lowest-paid, full-time employee be used to determine the reasonable charge for responding to the
request.
FAQ
127 Trammell v. Martin, 200 Ga. App. 435 (1991).
128 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-77.
Fees When Records Are Requested by Other Public Agencies
The procedures and fees provided in the open records law do not apply to public records, including
exempt records pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72, that are requested in writing by a state or federal
grand jury, taxing authority, law enforcement agency, or prosecuting attorney in conjunction with an
ongoing administrative, criminal, or tax investigation. The records custodian must provide copies of
these records to the requesting agency unless the records are privileged or disclosure to these agencies
is specifically restricted by law.
128
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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Who is not required to pay fees for open records requests?
A grand jury, the state, the federal government, another county, a city, a school board, a law
enforcement agency, a district attorney, or a solicitor is not required to pay fees or follow any
procedures in the open records law when requesting documents in conjunction with an ongoing
administrative, criminal, or tax investigation.
Would a city requesting copies of the county’s contract for architectural services be required to
pay copying fees?
Unless the request was made as part of an ongoing administrative, criminal, or tax investigation,
the city could be required to pay copying fees.
If a police officer requests a copy of the personnel files of co-workers, is he or she required to pay
the copying fee?
If the police officer requests the documents as part of an ongoing investigation, then he/she would
not be required to pay the copying fees. If he/she requests the documents for any other reason, he/
she could be required to pay the copying fees.
May a county impose an administrative charge for the time to search and retrieve records for one
of the agencies requesting documents for the purpose of an ongoing investigation?
No.
FAQ
Fees for Trial Exhibits
The fees for producing records provided in O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-71(c) and (d) also applies to producing
photographs, photocopies, facsimiles, or reproductions of trial exhibits.
129
129 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(c)(3).
130 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(c).
FAQ
How much may the superior court clerk charge for copies of trial exhibits requested under the open
records law?
The records custodian is limited to the same reimbursement as for any other type of open records
request. If the original trial exhibit has not been approved by the court for inspection by the public,
then the records custodian must make a copy, photograph, or reproduction of the exhibit (except for
exhibits in cases involving certain offenses against minors). The records custodian may receive up
to 10¢ per page for letter and legal sized copies and the actual cost of providing a photograph or
other reproduction, as well as administrative costs such as staff time to search for and retrieve the
requested records.
130
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
61
131 O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-71(c)(2) and 50-29-2.
132 O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-71(c)(1) and (2).
133 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(c)(1).
Fees for Records on Electronic Media
With the exception of computerized geographic information system (GIS) records, where requested
information is maintained by computer, the county may charge the public the actual cost of the
electronic media (e.g., CD, DVD, jump drive, etc.) for which the information is transferred and may
charge for the administrative time involved.
131
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Fees for Geographic Information System (GIS) Records
Where geographic information is stored in electronic form, the county, regional commission, or other
public agency housing the GIS data may license the use of the data, or charge a fee for access to
the data. The fees collected may be set at a rate sufficient to pay for the cost of developing and
maintaining the GIS, but may not be designed to establish a profit.
FAQ
How much may a county charge for the electronic media used to copy information from the county’s
computer system in response to an open records request?
The county may charge the actual cost of the electronic media, plus the salary (for all but the first 15
minutes of responding to the request) of the lowest-paid, full-time person with the training and skill
necessary to copy the information onto the electronic media.
132
May the county charge $10 per DVD to download requested electronic information?
The county may only charge the actual cost of the DVD.
May the county charge $30 to download requested electronic records onto a 64GB flash drive?
As long as it is the actual cost of the flash drive, the county may charge that amount. However, it
should be noted that the records custodian has the obligation to use the most economical means of
providing access under the open records law.
133
So, if a less-expensive 2GB flash drive would easily
hold all of the requested records, then it would be difficult to justify using and charging for a 64GB
flash drive.
Must GIS records be provided to a requestor who plans to use them for commercial purposes?
Yes. GIS records must be provided to a requestor who plans to use them for commercial purposes.
There is no exemption for GIS records, despite the fact that there is oftentimes a significant commercial
value to the records. However, the law allows the county to recover more than the actual cost of making
the transfer of the information
134
because the cost of the transfer is fairly insignificant compared to the
cost to the county to develop and maintain the GIS. As such, the county may charge a fee sufficient to
pay the cost of developing and maintaining the GIS to the requestor.
May a county charge a license fee for access to its GIS?
Yes. The county may contract to sell access to information maintained in its GIS.
135
The license fee
must be based upon the actual cost of building and maintaining the system.
What are the contract requirements for selling access to a county GIS database?
The contract must protect the security and integrity of the GIS by including provisions that limit the
county’s liability for providing the service, restrict the duplication and resale of the information provided,
and ensure that taxpayers are fairly and reasonably compensated for the information or access provided.
FAQ
Providing a Fee Estimate Before Searching for/Copying Records
If the county intends to seek more than $25 for responding to a request, the records custodian must
notify the requestor of the estimate of the costs within a reasonable amount of time, not to exceed
three business days. The county may defer search and retrieval of the records until the requestor
agrees to pay the estimated costs, unless the requestor has stated in his or her request a willingness
to pay an amount that exceeds the search and retrieval costs. If responding to a request is estimated
to cost more than $500, the records custodian may insist on prepayment of the costs before beginning
search, retrieval, review, or production of the records.
136
FAQ
Can the records custodian require prepayment if responding to a request will cost $100?
Unless the requestor has not paid for a previous request,
137
the records custodian cannot require
prepayment. The cost of the request must be estimated to cost more than $500 before prepayment
is required. However, the records custodian can wait to begin complying with the request until the
requestor has committed to paying the cost, since it is estimated to cost more than $25.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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134 O.C.G.A. § 50-29-2(b).
135 Id.
136 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(d).
137 Id.
138 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(c)(3).
139 Id.
140 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(d).
Does a county have to provide an estimate in writing?
No. While it is not required, it is advisable to put the estimate in writing to ensure that the requestor is
aware of the cost. Additionally, it provides a record of the request and of the county’s response. If the
requestor fails to pay the amount owed, the county can collect the fee in the same manner as it collects
taxes, fees, or assessments owed to the county.
138
What if a county underestimates the charges?
Although not addressed in the law, the county should notify the requesting party that the actual costs
will be greater than the estimate as soon as reasonably possible after it becomes known.
FAQ
FAQ
May a county collect unpaid records request charges if it did not provide an estimate of the charges
before retrieving and copying the requested records?
No.
Is a county entitled to collect copying fees from requestors who fail to pick up requested copies?
The county is entitled to collect the fees to cover the cost of searching, retrieving, redacting, or copying
of records requested, as long as an estimate of the charges was provided and agreed to by the requestor
prior to the county fulfilling the request and the county has actually incurred the costs of responding to
the request.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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Collecting Unpaid Copying and Administrative Charges
Whenever anyone makes a records request but fails to pay the cost incurred by the county to search,
retrieve, redact, or copy the records when the charges have been lawfully estimated and agreed to by
the requestor, the county is authorized to collect the charges in any manner authorized by law for the
collection of taxes, fees, or assessments regardless of whether the requestor inspects, accepts, or picks
up copies of the records from the county.
139
If the person making a request for records has an outstanding balance for unpaid charges from a
previous records request, the county may require prepayment from the requestor before complying
with the new or any future requests for production of records from that person, until the costs for the
prior production of records have been paid or the dispute regarding payment is resolved.
140
How does a county collect the charges for responding to an open records request when a requestor fails
to pay?
As long as the county notified the requestor of the estimated charges prior to fulfilling the request as
required by O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(c)(3), then the county may collect the charges in the same way it
collects taxes, fees, or assessments. For example, this means that the county can place a lien on the
requestor’s property or garnish the requestor’s wages after obtaining a judgment against the requestor.
141
May a county recreation commission, or other local agency, collect unpaid open records request
charges in the same manner as the county?
Yes. Local agencies may collect the charges in the same manner that the county collects taxes, fees, or
assessments. Similarly, joint county-city agencies can use any method of collection available to either
counties or cities to collect unpaid open records request fees.
FAQ
141 See generally, O.C.G.A. §§ 12-8-39.3; 48-3-3; 48-3-12; 48-5-234.
142 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(j).
143 See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(b)(1).
144 See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(c)(2).
145 See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(c)(1).
FAQ
A citizen has requested that a county compile a report from data in the county files or database. Must
the county comply?
No. While the citizen has a right to inspect or obtain copies of the data, the law clearly provides that the
county does not have to prepare reports, summaries, or compilations that are not already in existence.
The county must, however, provide reasonable access to the records.
A reporter requests a summary of a highly technical 200-page environmental report on the county’s
landfill be provided by the county, but a summary does not exist. Must the county prepare a summary?
No. The county is not required to prepare a summary that does not exist.
A citizen requests a list of all county employees who live within the county, with their salaries and dates
of hire. While the county has records on all of its employees, salaries, addresses, and dates of hire,
this information is not in any one document or report. How should the county respond?
The county is not required to go through several different documents to compile a report. The county
should notify the citizen in writing that the desired information is contained in separate documents
and such a report does not currently exist.
143
The notice should also contain (1) a description of the
documents that contain the desired information; (2) an estimate of the number of documents that the
county maintains containing the requested information; (3) an estimate of the copying cost;
144
and (4) an
estimate of the salary cost that would be incurred to retrieve the documents.
145
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
65
RECORDS THAT DO NOT EXIST
No public officer or county is required to prepare reports, summaries, or compilations not in existence
at the time of the request.
142
A reporter has sent an e-mail posing several questions about a particular project to the county
manager. Does the county manager have to answer the questions under the open records law?
If there are documents responsive to the request of the reporter, then the county manager should
supply those documents (assuming that they are subject to release under the law), but the county
manager is not obligated by the open records law to answer questions. However, as a matter of
county policy or in the furtherance of developing a better relationship with the media, it is up to the
county whether or not the questions are answered.
A citizen asks for copies of all existing county contracts related to the county water system, as well
as any future contracts that may be executed by the county. How does the county respond?
The citizen is entitled to receive the existing water system contracts. As to future contracts, the
county does not have to set up a system to provide documents that may or may not come into
existence sometime in the future. The citizen may, however, request future documents at such time as
they are eventually created.
FAQ
RECORDS EXEMPTED FROM THE OPEN RECORDS LAW
While most records in a county’s possession must be disclosed to members of the public upon
request, there are a significant number of records that are exempt from disclosure under the open
records law in O.C.G.A. § 50-17-82 or under another statute. However, not all exempt records are
treated the same. Essentially, exempt records can be classified into three categories:
1. Where disclosure is prohibited by law (i.e., when the county is not allowed to release the records)
2. Where disclosure is at the discretion of the county (i.e., where the county can decide whether to
release the record or keep it confidential)
3. Where public access may be withheld temporarily (i.e., where the county can keep the record
confidential for a limited amount of time before being required to release it)
EXEMPT RECORDS: DISCLOSURE PROHIBITED
The records described in this section are not allowed to be released and counties that do release these
records could face penalties.
Records Prohibited by Court Order
Public disclosure is not permitted for records that are specifically exempted from being open to
inspection by court order.
146
146 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(a).
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FAQ
FAQ
If requested, should a county release individual death certificate records, information related to the
cause of the death, conditions leading to the person’s death, and information regarding surgical
procedures conducted on the deceased?
If the county is not a “covered entity” under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
(HIPAA), then the Attorney General has opined that death certificates are public records subject to the
open records law and such disclosure is not prohibited by HIPAA. However, the social security number
of the deceased should be redacted unless the requestor is a bona fide member of the news media who
submits the appropriate affidavit under the open records law.
148
Records Where Confidentiality is Required by the Federal Government
Public disclosure is not permitted for records that are specifically required by the federal government to
be kept confidential.
147
Medical Records and Invasions of Privacy
Public disclosure is not permitted for medical records, veterinary records, and similar files that would
be considered an invasion of personal privacy. In general, invasion of privacy is public disclosure of
private or secret facts, which if disclosed are offensive and objectionable. There must be a reasonable
expectation of privacy on behalf of the individual whose personal information is being sought and the
matter must be one that the public has no legitimate concern about in fact and in law. The courts
have held that there is not an expectation of privacy for information that reflects a public official’s or
employee’s performance of public duties.
Furthermore, medical information contained in public records must be redacted before allowing public
access.
149
147 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(1).
148 2007 Op. Att’y Gen. No. 07-04.
149 O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(a)(2); 50-18-72(a)(20)(A); 50-18-72(a)(21).
If there is a court order stating that a document may not be released, but the document does not
otherwise fall into an exemption authorized by law, may the county release it?
No. The county must obey the court order. Such documents are not subject to inspection.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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Should employee medical records be disclosed?
No. In fact, medical information must be redacted from any open records request.
150
May the name or records of an individual who has sought treatment through a drug treatment and
education program maintained by the county board of health be released?
No. O.C.G.A. § 26-5-17 provides that this information is confidential and not subject to disclosure,
unless the drug dependent person whose records are sought has authorized the release in writing or
unless required by a court order.
May a county health department’s medical records ever be released?
Yes. Under O.C.G.A. § 9-11-34(c)(2), a party to a lawsuit may serve a request for production of documents
on the health department to obtain medical records on a patient. Within 20 days of the request, the health
department, any of the parties to the lawsuit, or the patient whose records are being sought, may file an
objection with the court in which the lawsuit is pending. If no objection is filed within 20 days, then the
health department must comply with the request, except for records concerning mental illness covered by
O.C.G.A. § 37-3-166, confidential records relating to AIDS covered by O.C.G.A. §§ 24-12-20 and 24-12-
2, records concerning developmental disabilities covered by O.C.G.A. § 37-4-125, and records concerning
alcohol and drug treatment covered by O.C.G.A. § 37-7-166, which may not be released.
Would the release of records from a sexual harassment investigation be an invasion of privacy?
While such a request should always be forwarded to the county attorney prior to the release of the
records, case law has held that a public officer’s privacy interest in having the investigation of a sexual
harassment claim against that officer publicized is outweighed by the public’s right to access the
information under the open records law (see Resources, Open Records Court Decisions and AG Opinions,
Fincher v. State, p. 159). In other words, where sexual misconduct arises out of a public officer’s
performance of his job duties, there is no legitimate expectation of privacy and such records likely must
be released.
Would the release of a personnel file be an invasion of privacy?
Generally, the release of a personnel file for a county official or employee would not be an invasion of
privacy. While most of the information contained in the files is subject to disclosure, portions must be
withheld or redacted. (See Personal Information about Public Employees and Officials, p. 72.)
However, O.C.G.A. § 35-8-15 does exempt certain employment records maintained by the sheriff’s office
or police department.
Is it an invasion of an employee’s privacy to provide salary information to a citizen making such a
request?
No. Compensation paid to county employees and officials must be released.
Should the names, addresses, year of birth, and voting districts of electors be released upon receiving
such an open records request?
Yes. Information may be reviewed by the public in accordance with O.C.G.A. § 21-2-225 on individuals
who possess all of the qualifications for voting and who have registered to vote, with the exception of
bank statements, month and day of birth, social security numbers, e-mail addresses, driver’s license
numbers, and the locations at which the electors applied to register to vote. However, the original
application for voter registration is not open for public inspection without a court order.
FAQ
150 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(21).
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GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
69
Personal Information in Public Records
Many public records contain personal information about citizens who own property, reside, work
for, or do business in the county. The open records law requires counties to protect much of that
information from disclosure to the public. The following information must generally be redacted prior
to disclosing records requested pursuant to the open records law:
•Anindividual’ssocialsecuritynumber
•Mother’sbirthname
•Creditcardanddebitcardinformation
•Bankaccountinformation
•Accountnumber
•Utilityaccountnumber
•Passwordusedtoaccesshisorheraccount
•Financialdataorinformation
•Insuranceormedicalinformationinallrecords
•Unlistedtelephonenumberifdesignatedinapublicrecord
•Personale-mailaddressorcellulartelephonenumber
•Dayandmonthofbirth
•Informationregardingpublicutility,television,internet,ortelephoneaccountsheldbyprivate
customers
However, social security numbers and the day and month of birth of individuals other than public
employees may be released upon a written request, signed under oath by a representative of a news
media organization, which attests the information is to be used in connection with news gathering
and reporting.
Public disclosure of personal information in public records may be released in limited circumstances
as follows:
•Ifcontainedintherecordsorpapersofanycourtorderivedfromanycourt,includingall
secured transactions records maintained pursuant to the Unified Commercial Code—Secured
Transactions
151
•Ifrequestedinanofcialcapacitybyacourt,prosecutor,orpubliclyemployedlaw
enforcement officer, or their authorized agent
•Ifrequestedbyafederal,state,orlocalgovernmentemployeewhoisobtainingthe
information for administrative purposes (in which case, subject to all applicable federal law);
further access to the information will continue to be subject to the open records law
•Ifauthorizedbyacourtorder
•Ifrequestedbythepersonaboutwhomtheinformationisbeingmaintained.Insuchcase,a
person or an authorized agent may receive his or her own personal information. The county
must require proper identification of that person or agent requesting the information, or proof
of authorization, as determined by the county.
151 O.C.G.A. § 11-9-101 et seq.
FAQ
If a county accepts payments by credit card, should the credit card account information provided be
released under the open records law?
No. In fact, except when provided to the media and others under the terms of O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)
(20) described above, the county is prohibited from releasing such information.
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70
•Ifitcontainsadeceasedindividual’sdayandmonthofbirthandmother’sbirthname
•Ifitcontainscreditorpaymentinformationinconnectionwitharequestbyaconsumer
reporting agency,
152
as defined under the federal Fair Credit Reporting Act
153
•Inconnectionwiththecounty’sdischargingorfulllingofitsdutiesandresponsibilities,
including, but not limited to, the collection of debt owed to the individual or entity
•Ifitcontainspersonalinformationnecessarytocomplywithlegalorregulatoryrequirements
or for legitimate law enforcement purposes
•Ifitcontainsthedateofbirthwithincriminalrecords
The above list of records and information may be used only by the authorized recipient and only
for the authorized purpose. Any person who obtains these records or information and knowingly
and willfully discloses, distributes, or sells them to an unauthorized recipient or for an unauthorized
purpose is guilty of a misdemeanor of a high and aggravated nature and upon conviction will be
sentenced to a fine up to $5,000 and/or 12 months in jail.
154
Any person injured by these actions
has a cause of action for invasion of privacy.
If the records custodian has a good faith reason to believe that a pending request for records has
been made fraudulently, under false pretenses, or by means of false swearing, the records custodian
must apply to the superior court of the county where the records are maintained for a protective
order limiting or prohibiting access to the records.
These requirements are meant to supplement and not replace state or federal law that requires,
restricts, or prohibits access to personal information as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(20)
(A) and only provides for the regulation of the methods of access of this information if not otherwise
provided, restricted, or prohibited.
155
152 “The term ‘consumer reporting agency’ means any person which, for monetary fees, dues, or on a cooperative
nonprofit basis, regularly engages in whole or in part in the practice of assembling or evaluating consumer credit
information or other information on consumers for the purpose of furnishing consumer reports to third parties,
and which uses any means or facility of interstate commerce for the purpose of preparing or furnishing consumer
reports.” 15 U.S.C. § 1681a(f).
153 15 U.S.C. § 1681 et seq.
154 O.C.G.A. § 17-10-4.
155 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(20).
May a county release social security numbers, bank account, credit card, and debit account
information, medical information, insurance information, financial data, mother’s birth name, or day
and month of birth contained in the county records?
No. Under most circumstances, the county is prohibited from releasing personal information that could
be used to steal an identity or for other fraudulent purposes. However, if a reporter requests social
security numbers and day and month of an individual’s birth and submits a written request signed
under oath, the county must release that information on anyone except public employees. Additionally,
these records may be released if they are contained in court papers. Generally, government officials
and employees may obtain access to such information if they are seeking the information in an
official capacity or for an official purpose. Similarly, consumer reporting agencies may obtain credit
and payment information, and date of birth and mother’s birth name may be released for deceased
individuals. Despite limits on others accessing personal information, individuals may obtain personal
information about themselves when maintained by the county.
What if an individual performing genealogical research requests a copy of records indicating a
mother’s birth name and the day and month of his or her great-grandmother’s birth?
The county may release records containing the mother’s birth name and day and month of the great-
grandmother’s birth if the individual’s mother and great-grandmother are deceased.
Should the superior court clerk redact all protected personal information from Uniform Commercial
Code filings and other public court documents?
No. Information maintained by courts, including information on secured transactions, may still be
accessed.
May protected personal information be released to consumer reporting agencies, such as Equifax?
Credit and payment information may be released to consumer reporting agencies.
May individuals obtain personal information about themselves in county records, even though it is
otherwise confidential?
Yes.
May collection agencies obtain protected personal information?
If the collection agency is assisting the county in collecting unpaid debts owed to the county, the county
may release information that will assist in the collection.
156
Should a county release social security numbers and day and month of birth information to news
reporters?
Yes. If the reporter submits a written request, signed under oath, stating that the reporter is a
representative of a news media organization and is seeking the information in connection with news
gathering and reporting, the county may release social security numbers and dates of birth of anyone
except public employees.
FAQ
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
71
156 O.C.G.A. § 48-7-170.
Should a county board of commissioners or school board release social security numbers and day and
month of birth information of schoolteachers or other public employees to news reporters?
No. In fact, the county school board is prohibited from releasing this information, even if the reporter
makes a written request under oath.
What if the records custodian believes that a fraudulent request for protected personal information
has been made?
The records custodian must apply to the superior court for a protective order limiting or prohibiting
access to the records within three business days of the request.
157
What if the records requestor improperly uses protected personal information?
If the records requestor knowingly and willfully discloses, distributes, or sells personal information to an
unauthorized person or for an unauthorized purpose, he or she may be liable for an invasion of privacy,
as well as be found guilty of a misdemeanor of a high and aggravated nature, which is punishable by
12 months imprisonment and/or a $5,000 fine.
May other governmental officials have access to protected personal information?
Yes. As long as they are seeking the information as part of their governmental duties, protected personal
information may be released to governmental officials.
FAQ
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
72
Personal Information About Public Employees and Officials
Public disclosure is not permitted for records concerning public
employees that reveal the following information about the employee:
•Homeaddress
•Hometelephonenumber
•Dayandmonthofbirth
•Socialsecuritynumber
•Insuranceormedicalinformation
•Mother’sbirthname
•Creditcardanddebitcardinformation
•Bankaccountinformation
•Accountnumber
•Utilityaccountnumber
•Passwordusedtoaccesshisorheraccount
TERMINOLOGY
The term “public employee” as used in
this section means any officer, employee,
or former employee of the state or its
agencies, departments, or commissions;
any county or municipality or its agencies,
departments, or commissions; other
political subdivisions of this state; teachers
in public and charter schools and nonpublic
schools; or early care and education
programs administered through the
Department of Early Care and Learning.
158
157 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(20)(D).
158 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(21).
FAQ
Are personnel files open records?
Although personnel files are open records, some of the information contained therein may not
be subject to disclosure. For example, social security numbers, insurance information, medical
information, information that would constitute an invasion of privacy,
159
information of an ongoing
investigation or within 10 days of a completed investigation (related to the suspension of, termination
of, or complaint against an employee or officer),
160
and confidential employee evaluations
161
do not
have to be released or may have to be redacted under the open records law.
May a county refuse to release the social security numbers of its employees?
Yes. In fact, social security numbers, mother’s birth name, credit card information, bank account
information, financial data, medical and insurance information, etc. must be redacted, (i.e., marked
through or whited out) from most open records requests.
162
What should a county do when an open records request is made to review an employee’s personnel
file?
A copy of any portion of the file that contains information exempted from release under the open
records law should be made and the confidential portions should be redacted before release.
An open records request is made to review a terminated employee’s personnel file that was purged
pursuant to a settlement agreement. Is the fact that the file has been purged subject to release?
Litigation over termination of an employee may result in a settlement agreement that requires purging
certain information about the employee. In such a case, the personnel file must contain a notation
that the file has been purged as a condition of a settlement agreement. Furthermore, if another
governmental agency contacts the county about the former employee’s work history in order to make
a hiring decision, the county must disclose the fact that the personnel file was purged pursuant to a
settlement agreement.
163
159 O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(a)(2) and 20.
160 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(8).
161 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(7).
162 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(21).
163 O.C.G.A. § 45-1-5.
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73
•Financialdataorinformationotherthancompensationbythecounty
•Unlistedtelephonenumber(ifsodesignatedinapublicrecord)
•Identityofthepublicemployee’simmediatefamilymembersordependents
This exemption does not apply to public records that do not specifically identify public employees or
their jobs, titles, or offices.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
74
FAQ
May the county parks and recreation department provide a list of participants in the youth football
program to a vendor of sporting goods?
Any portion of a record that would identify children 12 years old or under must be redacted.
164 O.C.G.A. §§ 10-12-2(8) and 50-18-72(a)(23).
165 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(27).
166 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(34).
167 O.C.G.A. § 10-1-761(4).
Electronic Signatures
An electronic signature is an electronic sound, symbol, or process attached to or logically associated
with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.
164
Public
disclosure is not permitted for records containing information that would disclose or might lead to the
disclosure of any component in the process used to execute or adopt an electronic signature, if such
disclosure would or might cause the electronic signature to cease being under the sole control of the
person using it.
Records of Children Participating in Public Recreation Programs
Records of athletic or recreational programs offered by the state, a county, or other local government
that include information identifying children 12 years of age or under by name, address, telephone
number, or emergency contact, must be redacted to delete the information that would identify a
child.
165
Portions of Records Containing Trade Secrets
Public disclosure is not permitted for records containing trade
secrets obtained from a person or business that is required by
law, regulation, bid, or request for proposal to be submitted to a
county. If the person or business submitting the records wants to
protect trade secrets contained in those records from disclosure
to competitors or other requestors, an affidavit must be attached
to the records stating that specific information in the records is a
trade secret.
166
TERMINOLOGY
According to the Georgia Trade Secrets Act
of 1990, a “trade secret” is information—
such as data, formulas, patterns,
compilations, programs, devices, methods,
techniques, drawings, processes, financial
plans, financial data, product plans,
customer lists, supplier lists, etc.—that
derive economic value from not being
generally known by, or available to, the
public.
167
May a trade secret be disclosed by a county?
No. A trade secret must be kept confidential.
Many vendors with the county mark their contracts as confidential and proprietary. Are these
contracts trade secrets?
A company cannot merely stamp an otherwise open record with “confidential” or “proprietary” to fall
under the trade secret exemption to the open records law. The company must include an affidavit
stating that specific portions of the contract contain trade secrets.
Why would a county require a company to provide trade secrets?
In order to respond to an invitation to bid or request for proposal, a bidder may have to submit
certain information that may be proprietary to the company responding. The company may deem the
information to be a trade secret and want to protect that information from disclosure to competitors
that might make an open records request for the information.
What should the county do if an open records request is made for a document for which a trade
secrets affidavit is provided?
While the open records law allows the county to make some determination about the existence
of a trade secret, the county typically will not be in a position to make that determination. After
consulting with the county attorney, and keeping in mind that the actual dispute is between the
requestor and the party claiming the trade secret, the better practice for counties is to deny the
request for the records based on the trade secret affidavit and, to the extent possible, let the actual
parties with the disagreement resolve the question in court.
How should the county handle requests for documents that do not include an affidavit affirming
that trade secrets were included?
If there is no affidavit, the trade secrets exemption does not apply. The documents must be released.
What happens if a county, believing that it is required to release the information pursuant to the
open records law, unintentionally releases a trade secret?
According to the Georgia Trade Secrets Act of 1990,
168
the county could be liable for damages
and attorneys’ fees for certain types of releases.
169
However, if the county provides access to the
information under a good faith belief that the records were subject to release under the open records
law, then it will not be liable for damages.
170
FAQ
168 O.C.G.A. § 10-1-760 et seq.
169 Id.
170 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-73(c).
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75
FAQ
FAQ
Should a county keep proprietary information confidential if it is requested under the open records law?
A county may only withhold proprietary information if (1) the information has not already been publicly
released, published, copyrighted or patented; and (2) the information was collected by the county
while performing a study or research on commercial, scientific, technical, or scholarly issues.
If a contract entered into between a county and private company designates all documents generated
by the company as confidential or proprietary, may a county refuse to disclose these documents if a
request is made under the open records law?
Merely because a company designates its documents as proprietary or confidential does not mean
that the county may withhold the documents if requested by a member of the public. Most companies
that regularly deal with government understand the open records requirements placed on counties and
should accept a contract term that company documents in the possession of the county will be treated
as confidential only to the extent permitted by the open records law.
May a county release information provided by a business to determine the amount of occupation taxes
due?
No. O.C.G.A. § 48-13-15 prohibits the county occupation tax department from releasing such
information except (1) to other local governmental agencies for occupation tax purposes; or (2) for the
purpose of collection or prosecution for failure to pay occupation tax.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
76
171 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(35).
172 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(43).
Portions of Records Containing Proprietary Information
Public disclosure is not permitted for data, records, or information of a proprietary nature. Proprietary
information is produced or collected by or for faculty or staff of state institutions of higher learning
or other governmental agencies through study or research on commercial, scientific, technical, or
scholarly issues, whether sponsored by the institution alone or in conjunction with a governmental
body or private concern. The data, records, or information of the study or research has not been
publicly released, published, copyrighted, or patented.
171
Records Containing Confidential Tax Matters
Public disclosure is not permitted for records containing confidential tax information or that involve
certain tax matters as determined by state and federal law.
172
Are depreciation schedules submitted to a board of tax assessors in an appeal of an assessment on
property subject to disclosure?
No. In accordance with O.C.G.A. § 48-5-314(a), documents such as taxpayers’ accounting records,
balance sheets, profit and loss statements, and income and expense statements are exempt from the
open records law. Such information may only be accessed by certain authorized personnel. While
such information may be disclosed, if necessary, to collect taxes through an administrative or court
proceeding, it is a misdemeanor to knowingly furnish this information to a person not authorized by law
to receive it.
May a tax commissioner furnish information contained in tax returns, reports, and schedules to tax
officials in other states?
Yes. Provided that the information contained in the documents will be treated as confidential in the
other state and the information is being used for tax purposes, the tax commissioner may enter into
agreements to furnish tax returns, reports, and schedules.
173
Is the real property digest or a return from an ad valorem taxpayer confidential?
No.
Are field cards and other records containing information gathered by the personnel of the board of tax
assessors confidential?
No. O.C.G.A. § 48-5-314(a)(2) specifically allows for the disclosure of this type of information.
FAQ
Computer Programs and Software
Public disclosure is not permitted for records consisting of any computer program or computer
software used or maintained in the course of operation of a county, provided that the data generated,
kept, or received by a county is subject to inspection and copying.
174
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77
FAQ
Should a county comply with a citizen request to obtain a copy of the county’s Microsoft Office
software?
No. In fact, complying with such a request would place the county in violation of its licensing agreement
with the software manufacturer.
Should a county comply with a citizen request to obtain a copy of a database created by the county?
Yes. A copy of a database must be provided, unless the information contained within the database is
exempted by law.
173 O.C.G.A. § 48-2-16.
174 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(44).
Original Trial Exhibits
Unless otherwise permitted by law, the original exhibit provided to the court as evidence in a criminal
or civil trial is not open to public inspection without approval of the judge assigned to the case. If the
court does not approve release of the original exhibit, then the records custodian must, upon request,
provide a photograph, a photocopy, a facsimile, or other reproduction of the exhibit. Fees for the
production of a record provided in O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-71(c) and (d) also apply to the production of
trial exhibits.
Any physical evidence that is used as an exhibit in a criminal or civil trial to show or support an
alleged violation of O.C.G.A. § 16-12-100 is not open to public inspection except by court order. If
the judge approves inspection of physical evidence, the judge must designate, in writing, the facility
owned or operated by an agency of the state or local government where the physical evidence may
be inspected. If the judge permits inspection, the property or material cannot be photographed,
copied, or reproduced by any means. Any person who violates these provisions is guilty of a felony,
which upon conviction is punishable by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than 20 years,
a fine of not more than $100,000, or both.
175
175 O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(c) and (d).
FAQ
May a citizen review a business ledger used as an exhibit in a small claims court case under the
open records law?
The actual trial exhibit in such a case is not subject to public inspection without the approval of
the magistrate assigned to the case. The same would apply to exhibits in cases in superior, state,
and juvenile courts. However, a citizen may request to review a copy or photograph of the business
ledger.
If the court does not approve a request to review a trial exhibit, such as a gun found at the scene of
a crime, how does the court clerk or administrator respond to an open records request by a reporter?
The clerk may photograph, photocopy, or otherwise reproduce the trial exhibit and submit the
reproduction to the person making the open records request.
Does the county have to provide a copy or reproduction of physical evidence in a trial where sexual
exploitation of a child is alleged?
Physical evidence where sexual exploitation of a child is alleged is not allowed to be inspected
under the open records law without a court order. Even if the judge allows inspection of the physical
evidence, it cannot be photographed, copied, or otherwise reproduced.
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78
Vital Records
Any form, document, or other written matter required by law, rule, or regulation to be filed as a vital
record (under the provisions of O.C.G.A. § 31-10-1 et seq., which contains information exempt from
disclosure under O.C.G.A. §§ 31-10-25 and 19-7-46.1) that is temporarily kept or maintained in any
file or with any other documents in the office of a judge or clerk of any court prior to filing with the
Department of Public Health is not subject to inspection by the general public, even though other
papers or documents in the file may be open to inspection.
176
Vital records include birth certificates, death certificates, marriage certificates, divorce certificates,
annulments, and other records related to these documents.
177
176 O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-76; 31-10-25(f).
177 O.C.G.A. § 31-10-1(18).
FAQ
Are vital records open to the public?
No. It is unlawful for any person to permit inspection of vital records, to disclose information contained
in vital records, or to copy or issue a copy of all or part of any such record, except as authorized by
O.C.G.A. § 31-10-1 et seq., as well as the regulations of the Department of Public Health, or by order
of a court as in inspection warrants regulated by O.C.G.A. §§ 31-10-25 and 19-7-46.1.
Who may obtain copies of a birth certificate?
According to O.C.G.A. § 31-10-26, only the following persons may obtain copies of a birth certificate:
•Thepersonwhoserecordofbirthisregistered
•Theparent,guardian,ortemporaryguardianofthepersonwhoserecordofbirthisregistered
•Thelivinglegalspouseornextofkin,orlegalrepresentative(orpersonwhoingoodfaithhas
applied and produced a record of application to become the legal representative) of the person
whose record of birth is registered
•Acourtofcompetentjurisdictionuponitsorderorsubpoena
•Anygovernmentalagency,stateorfederal,ifthecerticateisneededforofcialpurposes
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FAQ
Is the county required to release information on the franchise fee amount paid to the county by the
cable or video provider?
No. The law specifically exempts this information.
Who is authorized to receive a voluntary acknowledgement of paternity or voluntary
acknowledgements of legitimization?
The following persons are authorized to receive a voluntary acknowledgement of paternity or
legitimization upon written request:
•Thepersonwhosignedtheacknowledgmentandhisorherguardianortemporaryguardian
•Thepersonwhosepaternitywasacknowledged,ifheorsheisatleast18yearsofage
•Theguardian,temporaryguardian,orlegalcustodianofthepersonwhosepaternitywas
acknowledged
•Thelivinglegalspouseornextofkin,orlegalrepresentative(orpersonwhoingoodfaithhas
applied and produced a record of such application to become the legal representative) of the
person whose paternity is registered
•Acourtofcompetentjurisdictionuponitsorderorsubpoena
•Anygovernmentalagency,stateorfederal,providedthatsuchcerticateshallbeneededfor
official purposes
•AmemberingoodstandingoftheStateBarofGeorgia,providedthatsuchcerticateshallbe
needed for purposes of legal investigation on behalf of a client
•Achild-placingagency,providedthatsuchcerticateshallbeneededforofcialpurposes
178
FAQ
Cable and Video Service Provider Financial Information
Public disclosure is not permitted for statements showing the following state cable or video franchise
information:
•Theaggregateamountofthestatecableorvideoservicefranchiseholder’sgrossrevenues
attributable to the city or unincorporated areas of the county (specifically identifying subscriber,
advertising, and home shopping services revenues insofar as the franchise holder’s existing
billing systems include the capability)
•Theamountofthefranchisefeepaymentduetothecityorcounty
•Anyrecordsorinformationfurnishedordisclosedbyacableserviceproviderorvideoservice
provider to an affected city or county
179
178 O.C.G.A. §§ 19-7-46.1(e)(2); 30-10-26.
179 O.C.G.A. § 36-76-6(d).
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Records of Confidential Employee Evaluations
Public disclosure is not required for records consisting of confidential evaluations submitted to a
county or examinations prepared by a county in connection with the appointment or hiring of a public
officer or employee.
180
EXEMPT RECORDS: DISCLOSURE DISCRETIONARY
The records discussed below are those that may be kept confidential, but it is not required.
Records Where Public Access Is Not Required by Law
Public disclosure is not required for records that are specifically exempted from being open to
inspection by the general public by law.
181
FAQ
FAQ
If a record is not listed in O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72 as a record exempt from the open records law, should
it be released?
If a record is not listed in O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72 or some other statute as being exempt from disclosure,
then it is an open record that must be released. (See Resources, Summary of Open Records Laws
Exemptions, p. 173.)
May the name of a citizen who informs the county code enforcement officer about a zoning violation
committed by a neighbor be kept confidential?
If the complaint results in an investigation or prosecution of the ordinance violation against the
neighbor, the complaining citizen’s name may only be withheld if his or her life or physical safety
would be in danger due to the release of the name.
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180 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(7).
181 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(a).
182 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(3).
Records Identifying Confidential Sources or Investigative Materials
Except as otherwise provided by law, public disclosure is not required for records compiled for law
enforcement or prosecution purposes to the extent that production of these records is reasonably
likely to disclose the identity of a confidential source; disclose confidential investigative or prosecution
material that would endanger the life or physical safety of any person or persons; or disclose the
existence of a confidential surveillance or investigation.
182
FAQ
Should accident reports be released under the open records law?
Generally, accident reports need not be released except to certain individuals specified in the open
records law.
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Accident Reports
Public disclosure is not required for individual Georgia Uniform Motor Vehicle Accident Reports,
unless a written statement of need is submitted by the requesting party to the records custodian
providing the specific need for the report as permitted under the open records law. However, any
person or entity whose name or identifying information is contained in a Georgia Uniform Motor
Vehicle Accident Report is entitled, either personally or through a lawyer or other representative, to
receive a copy of the report. The Georgia Uniform Motor Vehicle Accident Report is not available in
bulk for inspection or copying by any person unless they have a written statement showing the need
for each report pursuant to the requirements of the open records law.
The term “need” means that the natural person or legal entity who is requesting in person or by
representative to inspect or copy the Georgia Uniform Motor Vehicle Accident Report
•hasapersonal,professional,orbusinessconnectionwithapartytotheaccident;
•ownsorleasesaninterestinpropertyallegedlyoractuallydamagedintheaccident;
•wasallegedlyoractuallyinjuredbytheaccident;
•wasawitnesstotheaccident;
•istheactualorallegedinsurerofapartytotheaccidentorofpropertyactuallyorallegedly
damaged by the accident;
•isaprosecutororapubliclyemployedlawenforcementofcer;
•isallegedtobeliabletoanotherpartyasaresultoftheaccident;
•isanattorneystatingtherequestedreportsareneededaspartofacriminalcaseoran
investigation of a potential claim that a roadway, railroad crossing, or intersection is unsafe;
•isgatheringinformationasarepresentativeofanewsmediaorganization;
•isconductingresearchinthepublicinterestforaccidentprevention,preventionofinjuriesor
damages in accidents, determination of fault in accidents, or other similar purposes (note for
the release of the report, the accident must have occurred more than 30 days prior to the
request and the name, street address, telephone number, and driver’s license number must
be redacted); or
•isagovernmentalofcial,entity,oragency,oritsauthorizedagent,requestingreportsforthe
purpose of carrying out governmental functions or legitimate governmental duties.
183
183 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(5).
Who may obtain copies of accident reports?
The parties and witnesses involved or injured in the accident (and their attorneys or other
representatives) and the insurance companies may obtain copies of accident reports. Copies may
also be given to an individual who
•maybeliableasaresultoftheaccident;
•isconducting“publicinterest”research;
•isarepresentativeofanewsmediaorganization;
•isanattorneyneedingtheaccidentreportaspartofacriminalcaseoraninvestigationinvolving
the safety of a road, railroad crossing, or intersection; or
•isagovernmentofcialoragentneedingthereporttocarryoutagovernmentfunctionorduty.
Additionally, a district attorney, solicitor, or law enforcement officer may obtain a copy of an accident
report.
Is there a special procedure for obtaining accident reports?
Unless otherwise exempted (see above), the requesting party must file a written statement of need
that indicates that the party is authorized to access the accident report.
Who must file a statement of need to gain access to an accident report?
The following persons or entities are required to file a statement of need to gain access to an
accident report:
•Anyonewithapersonal,professional,orbusinessconnectionwithapartytotheaccident
•Anyonewhoownsorleasesavehicleorotherpropertydamagedintheaccident
•Anyoneinjuredbytheaccident,butnotnamedoridentiedintheaccidentreport
•Awitnesstotheaccidentwhoisnotnamedoridentiedintheaccidentreport
•Theinsurancecompany
•Anyoneallegedtobeliableasaresultoftheaccident
•Anyattorneyrequestingtheaccidentreportaspartofacriminalcaseoraninvestigationintothe
safety of a roadway, railroad crossing, or intersection
•Arepresentativeofanewsmediaorganization
•Anyoneconductingresearchinthepublicinterest
Who can have access to an accident report without filing a statement of need?
Anyone named or identified in the accident report is entitled to receive a copy of the accident report
without filing a statement of need, as well as his or her attorney or other representative. Additionally,
a grand jury, taxing authority (i.e., the federal government, the state, a county, a city, a school board,
etc.), a law enforcement agency, or a prosecuting attorney may obtain access to accident reports
without filing a statement of need if they are acquiring the report in conjunction with an ongoing
administrative, criminal, or tax investigation.
184
FAQ
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
83
184 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-77.
FAQ
If the local archeological society requests information from the county parks department that
identifies sites in a county park where Indian pottery shards or arrowheads may be found, what
should the parks department do?
Before releasing the location of such a site, the parks and recreation department should contact the
Historic Preservation Division of the DNR to determine whether the site is on a historic property the
location of which must be kept confidential in order to remain a historical resource.
Should the names, addresses, telephone numbers, and drivers’ licenses be redacted when
responding to an open records request for accident reports?
Only when the need for the accident report is for public interest research must this information be
redacted from the accident report. However, if the accident report contains an individual’s day and
month of birth, it must be redacted.
185
May accident reports ever be obtained in bulk?
Accident reports may only be obtained in bulk if the person requesting the accident reports is
authorized to have access to each and every accident report requested and files a written statement
of need for each and every accident report requested.
May a newspaper reporter obtain copies of the reports for all accidents occurring during a 30-day
period?
Yes. As long as the reporter files a written statement of need for each report stating that the request
is on behalf of a news media, the reports may be made available in bulk.
FAQ
Records Disclosing the Location of Certain Historic Properties
Public disclosure is not required for records that disclose the location of certain historic properties if
the Division of Historic Preservation of the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has determined
that disclosure will create a substantial risk of harm, theft, or destruction to the property, or the area or
place where the property is located.
186
DNR maintains an inventory and register relating to the location
and character of historic property as defined by law.
187
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84
185 See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(20).
186 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(14).
187 O.C.G.A. §§ 12-3-50.1 and 12-3-50.2.
188 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(18).
189 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(19).
190 Id.
Records Disclosing the Location of Rare Plants and Animals
Public disclosure is not required for records that contain site-specific information on the locations of
rare species of plants or animals or sensitive natural habitats on public or private property if the DNR
determines disclosure will create a substantial risk of harm, theft, or destruction to those species or
habitats, or the areas where they are located. However, the owners of private property where rare
species or sensitive natural habitats are located are entitled to this information if requested.
188
FAQ
FAQ
If a county’s parks department receives a request for documents that identify the location of Pink
Ladyslipper plants growing in a county park, must the department release the documents?
No. Pink Ladyslipper is on the list of plants, maintained by DNR’s Georgia Natural Heritage Program, the
location of which must be kept confidential to prevent commercial exploitation of the plant. Whenever the
county receives an open records request for records that would identify the location of certain plants or animals,
the Georgia Natural Heritage Program should be consulted to ensure that the plants or animals are not on the
list of species in danger of being destroyed.
If the county provides security systems for a fee to its citizens, is it required to release the personal
information of those who subscribe to the service?
No. The county does not have to release the names, home addresses, telephone numbers, security
codes, or e-mail address of customers of the county’s security system.
Burglar Alarm, Fire Alarm, and Security System Information
Public disclosure is not required for records that reveal the names, home addresses, telephone
numbers, security codes, e-mail address, or any other data or information developed, collected, or
received by counties in connection with the installation, servicing, maintaining, operating, selling, or
leasing of burglar alarm systems, fire alarm systems, or other electronic security systems.
189
Neighborhood Watch and Public Safety Notification Programs
Public disclosure is not required for records that would reveal the names, home addresses, telephone
numbers, security codes, e-mail addresses, or any other data or information developed, collected, or
received by the county in connection with a neighborhood watch or public safety notification program.
190
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85
FAQ
Is the county required to provide information about rideshare participants?
No. The records of anyone participating in or anyone expressing an interest in participating in a
carpool or rideshare program may be kept confidential.
If the county receives a request to release the e-mail addresses of the recipients of its public safety
notification program newsletter for the purpose of disseminating campaign information, does the
county have to release this information?
No. The county does not have to release the e-mail addresses of the recipients of the public safety
notification program to anyone for any purpose.
FAQ
Records Containing Information About Rideshare Participants
Public disclosure is not required for records acquired by a county to establish, implement, or assist in
the establishment or implementation of a carpooling or ridesharing program, including, but not limited
to, the formation of carpools, vanpools, or buspools, providing transit routes, rideshare research,
and the development of other demand management strategies such as variable working hours and
telecommuting.
191
191 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(24).
192 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(25).
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86
Records That Could Compromise Public Security
Public disclosure is not required for records that, if disclosed, could compromise security of the public
against sabotage, criminal, or terrorist acts. This exemption applies to records that must be kept
confidential in order to protect life, safety, or public property.
192
Exempt records include
•securityplansandvulnerabilityassessmentsforpublicutilities,technologyinfrastructure,
building, facility, or function (in effect at the time of the request for disclosure) or pertaining to
a plan or assessment in effect at such time;
•securityplansandvulnerabilityassessmentsfordeploymentofsurveillancestrategies,actions
required by changes in the federal threat level, motorcades, contingency plans, proposed
or alternative motorcade routes, executive and dignitary protections, planned responses to
criminal or terrorist actions, after-action reports still in use, proposed or actual plans and
responses to bioterrorism, and proposed or actual plans and responses to requesting and
receiving the National Pharmacy Stockpile (in effect at the time of the request for disclosure or
pertaining a plan or assessment in effect at such time);
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
87
•plansforprotectionagainstterroristorotherattacksthatdependforeffectivenessinwholeor
in part upon a lack of general public knowledge of the plans’ details;
•documentsrelatingtotheexistence,nature,location,orfunctionofsecuritydevicesdesigned
to protect against terrorist or other attacks that depend for effectiveness in whole or in part
upon a lack of general public knowledge of the documents;
•plans,blueprints,orothermaterialsthat—ifmadepublic—couldcompromisesecurityagainst
sabotage, criminal, or terroristic acts; and
•recordsofanygovernment-sponsoredandrelatedtrainingprogramonsecuritymeasures,
which would identify trainees or instructors or reveal the information described above.
If litigation challenging nondisclosure of these records occurs, the court may review the documents in
question in camera. The judge may allow disclosure to be conditioned, in writing, upon measures the
court may find to be necessary to protect against endangerment of life, safety, or public property.
193
193 Id.
194 Id.
FAQ
What types of records may be kept confidential in order to protect the public from potential
sabotage or terroristic acts?
Generally, the public may be denied access to the following records:
•Securityplansandvulnerabilityassessmentsforpublicbuildings,utilities,technology
infrastructure, and other public functions or activities (including contingency plans for meetings,
motorcades, dignitary protection, after-action reports, and similar documents)
•Plansforprotectionagainstterroristattacks
•Documentsrelatingtotheexistenceorlocationofsecuritydevices
•Plansandblueprintswhich,ifmadepublic,couldcompromisesecurity
•Governmentsponsoredsecuritytrainingprogramsthatcontaintheabovereferencedcontentor
identify trainees and instructors
194
Are security plans ever required to be released?
A requestor may file a lawsuit challenging the denial of access to a security plan. The judge could
review the security plan and decide whether it may be released. If the judge determines that the
record may be released, he or she may place conditions on the release of the records to protect
against the endangerment of life, safety, or public property. The conditions must be in writing.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
88
Written Records and Recordings of 9-1-1 Calls
Public disclosure is not required for portions of 9-1-1 records and tapes that would reveal the name,
address, or telephone number of callers to 9-1-1 centers if revealing that information could put
the caller at risk or disclose the identity of a confidential source, unless the request is made by a
defendant in a criminal case.
195
Public disclosure is also not required for audio recordings of a 9-1-1 telephone call to a public safety
answering point which contain the speech in distress, extreme cries of a caller who died during the
call, or the speech or cries of a person who was a minor at the time of the call, except by
•arepresentativeofthedeceasedcaller’sestate;
•theparentorlegalguardianifthecallerisaminor;
•anaccusedinacriminalcaseifthereisagoodfaithbeliefthattherecordingisrelevantto
the criminal action;
•apartytoacivilactionwhoingoodfaithbelievesthattherecordingisrelevanttoacivil
case;
•attorneysforthepartiespreviouslynoted;or
•anattorneyforapersonwhomaypursueacivilaction.
The person seeking the audio recording of a 9-1-1 telephone call must submit a sworn affidavit that
attests to the facts necessary to establish eligibility to receive the record.
196
FAQ
If a caller to a 9-1-1 center reports wrongdoing, may the perpetrator or some other person file an
open records request to find out who reported him or her?
The name, address, and telephone number of a citizen placing a call to an emergency 9-1-1 center
may be redacted from any records, written or recorded, when an open records request is filed. This is
aimed at preventing retribution against a person who sees wrongdoing and properly reports it to law
enforcement authorities through the 9-1-1 call center. Without this exemption, a perpetrator could
obtain the identity of the caller by filing an open records request.
If a newspaper is researching an article on slow response times to requests for assistance when a
9-1-1 call is placed, may recordings and other records be withheld that might provide a basis for
criticism?
No. Except for the identifying information of callers to 9-1-1 who might be at risk and certain
distressed speech calls, records of a 9-1-1 call center are subject to disclosure like the records of any
other public agency.
195 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(26).
196 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(26.1).
Audio and Video Recordings
Public disclosure is not required for audio and video recordings from devices used by law enforcement
officers in a place where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy when there is no pending
investigation, except to
•anappointedrepresentativeofadeceased’sestatewhenthedecedentwasdepictedorheard
on such recording;
•aparentorlegalguardianofaminordepictedorheardonsuchrecording;
•anaccusedinacriminalcasewhoingoodfaithbelievestherecordingisrelevanttohisorher
criminal proceeding;
•apartytoacivilactionwhoingoodfaithbelievestherecordingisrelevanttothecivilaction;
•attorneysforanyofthepreviouslymentionedparties;or
•anattorneyrepresentingaclientwhomaypursueacivilaction.
Any person seeking the audio or video recording is required to submit a sworn affidavit that attests to
the facts necessary to establish eligibility to receive the records under the law.
197
Applications for Licenses to Possess Firearms
Public disclosure is not required for any permanent records maintained by a probate judge, pursuant
to O.C.G.A. § 16-11-129, relating to licenses to carry pistols or revolvers, or pursuant to any other
requirement for maintaining records relative to the possession of firearms. Law enforcement agencies
and probate judges, however, are not precluded from obtaining records relating to licensing and
possession of firearms as provided by law.
198
Records Subject to Attorney-Client Privilege
Public disclosure is not required for records containing communications subject to the attorney-client
privilege recognized by state law, including legal conclusions. However, this exemption does not apply
to factual findings of an attorney conducting an investigation on behalf of a county, as long as the
investigation does not pertain to pending or potential litigation, settlement, claims, administrative
proceedings, or other judicial actions brought or to be brought by or against the county or any officer
or employee.
FAQ
Should a probate judge allow a newspaper to review an application for a license to carry a pistol?
No. Law enforcement officers, however, cannot be denied access to those records.
197 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(26.2).
198 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(40).
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89
Investigations conducted by hospital authorities to ensure compliance with federal or state law,
regulations, or reimbursement policies are exempt from disclosure if these investigations are
otherwise subject to the attorney-client privilege.
Attorney-client communications, however, may be obtained in a legal proceeding
199
to prove
justification (or lack thereof) in refusing disclosure of documents for the exemption. However,
the judge of the court where the proceeding is pending must first determine (by an in camera
examination) that disclosure would be relevant on that issue. In addition, when a county withholds
information subject to this exemption, any party authorized to bring a proceeding under O.C.G.A. §
50-18-73 may request that the judge of the court where the proceeding is pending determine (by an
in camera examination) if the information was properly withheld.
200
FAQ
How does a county clerk know which documents are confidential pursuant to the attorney-client
privilege?
The county attorney should be consulted if the clerk believes that a particular document may be subject
to the attorney-client privilege.
May a county attorney refuse to disclose a bill submitted to the county for legal services?
No. Billing records do not fall within the attorney-client privilege exemption.
Is the county attorney’s e-mail to the board of commissioners informing them of the time and location
of an upcoming meeting an open record?
While this may be a communication between attorney and client, if it does not involve pending or
potential litigation or claims, then an e-mail with factual information would be an open record.
Is the county attorney’s e-mail outlining the county’s potential liability in a particular situation an open
record?
No. This e-mail would be exempt from disclosure under the attorney-client privilege, as it would pertain
to potential litigation or claims.
Does correspondence between an attorney and client regarding a proposed settlement become subject
to production under the open records law once the matter is settled?
No. The attorney-client relationship survives the end of the representation and even the relationship,
unless explicitly waived by the client.
201
199 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-73.
200 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(41).
201 O.C.G.A. §§ 24-5-501(a)(2) and 50-18-72(a)(41).
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90
Attorney Work Product Records
Public disclosure is not required for records that are considered confidential attorney work product.
Disclosure is not required for legal conclusions of the attorney, but it is required for factual findings of
an attorney conducting an investigation on behalf of a county if the investigation does not pertain to
pending or potential litigation, settlement, claims, administrative proceedings, or other judicial actions
brought or to be brought by or against the county or any officer or employee.
Investigations conducted by hospital authorities to ensure compliance with federal or state law,
regulations, or reimbursement policies must be exempt from disclosure if these investigations are
otherwise subject to confidentiality as attorney work product.
In addition, when a county withholds information based on this exemption, any party authorized
to bring a proceeding under O.C.G.A. § 50-18-73 may request that the judge of the court where
the proceeding is pending determine (by an in camera examination) if the information was properly
withheld.
202
FAQ
Does the county attorney’s research and evaluation of a harassment claim against the county have
to be released?
No. Most likely, such records would be protected under the attorney work product exception to the
open records law.
Does a claims adjuster in a county’s risk management department have to release reports and
evaluations of accidents involving county vehicles?
No. Claims adjusters are not required to release such information on claims involving motor vehicle
accidents.
203
Does a claims adjuster in a county’s risk management department have to release reports and
evaluations of claims involving an injury to a citizen who slipped and fell in the courthouse?
The county attorney should be consulted to determine whether the report or evaluation falls within
the attorney-client or attorney work product exemption. The open records exemption contained in
O.C.G.A. § 36-92-4(c) only applies to claims involving motor vehicles owned by the county.
202 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(42).
203 O.C.G.A. § 36-92-4(c).
204 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(45).
Records Related to County Liability and Self-Insurance
Public disclosure is not required for records pertaining to the rating plans or systems, underwriting
rules, surveys, inspections, statistical plans, or similar proprietary information used to provide or
administer liability insurance or self-insurance coverage to a county.
204
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91
Do the underwriting rules used to write the county’s insurance plan have to be released?
No. The underwriting rules are considered proprietary information and are not required to be released.
Does the county have to release records that the actuarial report used to determine the cost of
providing certain benefits in its self-insurance program?
No. These records would likely be considered a proprietary statistical plan that is not required to be
released.
FAQ
FAQ
May initial arrest reports be withheld?
No. Initial arrest reports must be released under the open records law.
What if the initial arrest report contains information that identifies the name of a rape victim?
Any information that identifies the rape victim may not be disclosed.
206
If an initial arrest report contains
identifying information, then such information should be redacted prior to release of the report.
Should a county disclose records regarding a pending investigation or prosecution of a violation of a
county regulatory ordinance, such as its soil erosion and sedimentation control ordinance?
The open records statute does not address this subject directly. However, since the county is acting
in a regulatory capacity when it enforces soil erosion and sedimentation control or other regulatory
ordinances, it is reasonable to assume that documents, other than the initial report, need not be
disclosed under the open records law before either the investigation or prosecution has become final or
has been terminated.
205 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(4).
206 O.C.G.A. § 16-6-23.
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92
EXEMPT RECORDS: PUBLIC ACCESS MAY BE WITHHELD TEMPORARILY
The following types of records may be kept confidential for a limited amount of time, but ultimately
must be released.
Records of Pending Investigation of Law Enforcement, Prosecution, or Regulatory Agencies
Public disclosure is not required for records of law enforcement, prosecution, or regulatory agencies in
any pending investigation or prosecution of criminal or unlawful activity, except that initial police arrest
reports and initial incident reports must be released. Once all direct litigation involving an investigation
or prosecution is final, or otherwise terminated, the records must be released. This exemption also
does not apply to records in the possession of a county that is the subject of the pending investigation
or prosecution.
205
Records of Personnel Investigations
Public disclosure is not required for records consisting of material obtained in investigations related
to the suspension, firing, or investigation of complaints against public officers or employees until 10
days after the same has been presented to the county or an officer for action, or the investigation is
otherwise concluded or terminated. However, this exemption should not be interpreted to make these
investigatory records privileged.
207
FAQ
If a county employee is terminated for misconduct on the job, does the county have to release the
evidence and documents considered during the investigation?
Yes. However, the county does not have to release the documents until 10 days after the investigation
has been completed.
If a department head is investigated for, but later cleared of, sexually harassing an employee, must the
county release the documents used in the investigation and the name of the employee who reported
the incident if requested by the local newspaper?
Yes. The documents used in the investigation, including the name of the employee who was allegedly
harassed, become public records 10 days after the investigation has been completed.
Are criminal conviction records of prospective employees of the county fire department open
records?
No. Criminal conviction data obtained by the fire chief from the Georgia Crime Information Center are
not public records.
208
207 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(8).
208 O.C.G.A. § 25-4-8(c)(1).
209 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(9).
Records about Future or Potential County Purchase of Real Estate
Public disclosure is not required for real estate appraisals, engineering, or feasibility estimates or
other records made for or by the county relative to the acquisition of real property until the property
has been acquired or the proposed transaction has been terminated or abandoned.
209
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93
FAQ
If a county receives an open records request by a prospective bidder to review bids submitted by other
vendors prior to the date of the bid opening, should this information be released?
No. The contents of the bids do not have to be released until the board of commissioners votes to
award the bid (or to reject all bids).
Does a county have to release proposals received for construction of a new jail?
Proposals received on construction do not have to be released until the county awards the project or
the project is terminated.
211
May a board of commissioners keep a contract confidential until it is signed?
No. There is no language in the law that authorizes a county to withhold a proposed or unexecuted
contract from public view unless it has been sealed.
If a county obtains a real estate appraisal or environmental study on a parcel of land that the
commissioners are considering purchasing, must it release the documents to the seller of the
property under the open records law, if requested? What if the newspaper requests the documents?
Regardless of who makes the request, the county does not have to release the documents until the
property is purchased or the board of commissioners decides not to purchase the property. The
exemption applies to engineering, feasibility estimates, and other records created in conjunction with
the acquisition.
If a county obtains an appraisal on road equipment or a computer system, should the appraisal be
disclosed if requested by another vendor of the same product?
Yes. Unlike acquisition of real property, appraisals and studies on personal property and equipment
obtained by the board of commissioners are open records subject to disclosure.
If a county decides to sell a county administration building and obtains a real estate appraisal to
determine its value, should the appraisal be released to interested purchasers who make an open
records request?
Yes. There is no exception for appraisals obtained for the sale of real property by the county.
FAQ
210 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(10).
211 See generally, O.C.G.A. § 36-91-21(c)(1)(B).
Pending Bids and Proposals
Public disclosure is not required for pending, rejected, or deferred sealed bids or sealed proposals and
related detailed cost estimates until the final award of the contract is made, the project is terminated
or abandoned, or the county takes a public vote regarding the sealed bid or sealed proposal,
whichever comes first.
210
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94
Records Identifying Applicants for County Manager/Administrator
and Other Executive Agency Heads
Public disclosure is not required for records identifying individuals
applying for, or under consideration for, employment or
appointment as executive head of a county or agency. However,
at least 14 calendar days prior to the meeting where the final
action or vote will be taken on the position of executive head, all
documents concerning the three best-qualified applicants under
consideration must be available for inspection and copying.
If a county has conducted its hiring or appointment process without
conducting interviews or discussing or deliberating in executive
session in a manner otherwise consistent with the open meetings
law, then it is not required to delay final action on the position.
The county is not required to release records of other applicants or
persons under consideration, except at the request of that person.
Upon request, the county must furnish the number of applicants
and the composition of the list by such factors as race and sex.
The county is not allowed to avoid these requirements by the
employment of a private person or agency to assist with the search
or application process.
213
To best illustrate how this exemption works in practice, the
following outlines procedures a county should follow to hire a new
county manager:
•Inhiringacountymanager,thecountycanelectto(1)conductthehiringprocessina
confidential manner or (2) conduct the hiring process in the open.
•Ifthecountydecidestoconductthehiringprocessinacondentialmanner,itmaycloakthe
identity of the applicants for the vacant position. Generally, this is done to protect applicants
from retribution from current employers. Pursuant to an exception in the open meetings
law,
214
the board of commissioners may interview candidates in executive session. Once the
board has identified up to three of the best-qualified applicants under serious consideration,
it must inform these applicants that their names will be publicly released if they choose to
continue to seek the position. Any of the applicants may decline to have their names publicly
released. However, doing so bars them from pursuing the position any longer. The board
must then wait 14 days after releasing the names of the finalists to the public before making
a final decision to hire one of the finalists. If the board hires a manager at the expiration of
that 14-day period, it must be from the list of candidates released to the public. The county
cannot hire one of the applicants whose records were withheld from the public.
212 See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-14-1(a)(1)(C) and 50-18-70(b)(1).
213 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(11).
214 O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(2).
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
95
TERMINOLOGY
Any executive head of an agency is
covered by this part of the open records
law. Although the term “executive head”
is not defined in the law, the position of
county manager, county administrator,
department head, development authority
director, and similar positions would
clearly be subject to the requirements
of this exemption. Note that the term
“agency” includes every county
department, agency, board, bureau, office,
commission, authority, or similar body.
212
Therefore, the provisions may also apply
if the county has an executive head of any
of these county agencies.
FAQ
If there is only one applicant for the position of county manager and the board of commissioners
would like to hire him or her, must the board wait 14 days to make the final decision?
If the name of the applicant was not made public during the application process and the board
interviewed the candidate in executive session, then the board must wait 14 days to hire the
applicant (assuming that he or she decides to continue to seek the position after being notified that
the board must release his or her name). If the application and interview processes were conducted
entirely in public, then the county would not have to wait the 14 days.
If the names of all of the applicants for county manager are available to the public, but are never
requested, must the board of commissioners still wait 14 days to make the final decision?
As long as the hiring process was always open to the public (i.e., without conducting interviews
or discussing or deliberating in executive session), then the county does not have to wait 14 days
merely because no citizens or newspaper requested the names of the applicants.
What if the board of commissioners has more than three qualified candidates for the position of
county manager who are being seriously considered?
While the board is only required to release the names of up to three candidates, it may release the
names of additional finalists.
What if the board of commissioners only has 2 qualified candidates out of 10 applications that it
is considering for the position?
The board is only required to release the names of up to three qualified candidates. The board is not
required to include the name of any individual who is not be seriously considered as a candidate
merely to provide three names.
What happens if, after the expiration of the 14-day waiting period, the board of commissioners
does not want to hire any of the three finalists whose names were publicly released?
The board does not have to hire any of the three finalists. If there are other applicants who did not
initially make the final top three, then the board must recommence the process of selecting finalists,
receiving permission to release the names, and waiting 14 days. Alternatively, the board can
recommence the hiring process in an open manner.
•Alternatively,acountycanconductthehiringprocessinpublicandmakeallrecordsavailable
to the public for all of the candidates. If that is the case, there is no need to wait 14 days to
make a hiring decision and the county can choose from any of the candidates that applied
rather than just the top three.
•Regardlessofwhichprocedureisused,thecountymustkeeparecordofthenumberof
applicants and the composition of the list by such factors as race and sex. This record must
be disclosed upon request.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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Should any information be released about the other applicants for county manager?
The number, sex, and race of all of the applicants must be released if the information is requested
by the press or an individual. Note, however, that any applicant can request that records pertaining
to his or her candidacy be released, in which case the county must make them public along with the
top three candidates’ records.
If a board of commissioners hires a private employment agency to receive resumes and screen
candidates, can it avoid the requirements of the open records law?
No.
FAQ
FAQ
If a resident donates correspondence and records of a historical nature on the condition that the
documents not be made public until after his or her death, should the county library release the
documents under the open records law, if requested?
If the documents have historical research value and were not prepared in the course of the
operation of government (i.e., they are not commission meeting minutes, deed records, warrants,
county official correspondence, etc.), then the county library may honor the donor’s request and
not release the records. No restriction on access, however, may extend more than 75 years from
the date of donation or sale.
If the grandchild of a former county clerk donates commission minutes from the 1930s to the
county, should the county observe the grandchild’s request to keep the minutes confidential?
No. Because the records relate to the operation of county government, they must be released.
215 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(13).
Records with Historical Research Value
Public disclosure is not required for records having historical research value that are given or sold
to public archival institutions, public libraries, or libraries of a unit of the Board of Regents of the
University System of Georgia when the owner or donor of the records wishes to place restrictions on
access to the records. No restriction on access, however, may extend more than 75 years from the
date of donation or sale. This exemption does not apply to any records prepared in the course of the
operation of the state or local governments.
215
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
98
MISCELLANEOUS EXEMPTIONS
THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Public disclosure is not required for records that are related to the provision of staff services to
individual members of the General Assembly by the Legislative and Congressional Reapportionment
Office, the Senate Research Office, or the House Budget and Research Office. This exception does
not apply to records related to the staff services provided to any committee or subcommittee or to
any records that are or have been previously publicly disclosed by or pursuant to the direction of an
individual member of the General Assembly.
216
RECORDS CONTAINING FARM WATER USE
Public disclosure is not required for records of farm water use by individual farms as determined
by water-measuring devices installed pursuant to O.C.G.A. §§ 12-5-31 or 12-5-105. However,
compilations of such records for the 52 large watershed basins (as identified by the eight-digit United
States Geologic Survey hydrologic code) or an aquifer that do not reveal farm water use by individual
farms are subject to disclosure.
217
RESEARCH BY INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION
Public disclosure is not required for any data, records, or information developed, collected, or
received by or on behalf of faculty, staff, employees, or students of an institution of higher education
or any public or private entity supporting or participating in activities of a higher education institution
in conduct of or as a result of study or research on medical, scientific, technical, scholarly, or artistic
issues (whether sponsored by the institution alone or in conjunction with a governmental body or
private entity) until such information is published, patented, otherwise publicly disseminated, or
released to an agency, whereupon the request must be made to the agency. This exemption applies
to, but is not limited to, information provided by participants in research, research notes and data,
discoveries, research projects, methodologies, protocols, and creative works.
218
PUBLIC EDUCATION TESTING MATERIALS/ATHLETIC ASSOCIATIONS
Unless otherwise provided by law, public disclosure is not required for records that derive value from
being unknown to the test taker (i.e. questions, scoring keys, and other materials needed to create a
test) prior to administration of the test by an agency.
This includes, but is not limited to, any public school, any unit of the Board of Regents of the
University System of Georgia, any public technical school, the State Board of Education, the Office of
Student Achievement, the Professional Standards Commission, or a local school system. Reasonable
measures must be taken by the owner of the test to protect security and confidentiality. The State
Board of Education may establish procedures whereby a person may view, but not copy, such records
if viewing will not, in the judgment of the board, affect the result of administration of such a test.
These limitations do not include or otherwise exempt from inspection the records of any athletic
association or other nonprofit entity promoting intercollegiate athletics.
219
216 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(12).
217 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(15).
218 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(36).
219 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(38). While intercollegiate athletic records are not exempt from disclosure, the timeframe
for which they must be disclosed is within 90 days after the request has been made.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
99
STATE HEALTH DEPARTMENTS AND HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS
Public disclosure is not required for records disclosing the identity or personally identifiable
information of any person participating in research on commercial, scientific, technical, medical,
scholarly, or artistic issues conducted by the Department of Community Health, the Department
of Public Health, the Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Disabilities, or a state
institution of higher education, whether sponsored by the institution alone or in conjunction with a
governmental body or private entity.
220
OFFICE OF LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL
Communications between the Office of Legislative Counsel and members of the General Assembly,
the Lieutenant Governor, and persons acting on behalf of these public officers is privileged and
confidential. In addition, these communications—and records and work product relating to these
communications—are not subject to inspection or disclosure under the open records law or any
other law or under judicial process. However, this privilege does not apply where it is waived by the
affected public officer or officers. This privilege is in addition to any other constitutional, statutory, or
common law privilege.
221
ENFORCEMENT OF THE OPEN RECORDS LAW
Failure to properly release public records can result in a civil action and a criminal action being filed
by the Attorney General or a private person.
FILING AN ACTION TO ENFORCE THE OPEN RECORDS LAW
Superior courts have jurisdiction over actions against persons or agencies having custody of records
open to the public to enforce compliance with the open records law in law or in equity. Actions may
be brought by any person, firm, corporation, or other entity. In addition, the Attorney General has the
authority to bring actions, at his or her discretion, as may be appropriate to enforce compliance with
the open records law and to seek either civil or criminal penalties or both.
222
An action may be brought against a county official after express refusal to respond to an open
records request has occurred or, in the event of failing to respond to a request, after the three-day
time period for response has passed. Unlike the open meetings law, there is no specific deadline for
filing a challenge to an alleged open records law violation. In general, non-criminal claims against
the county must be brought within one year
223
and misdemeanor charges may be brought at any
time within two years of the violation.
224
220 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(39).
221 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-75.
222 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-73(a).
223 O.C.G.A. § 36-11-1.
224 O.C.G.A. § 17-3-1(e).
What happens if the records custodian or other person with custody of county records refuses to give
access to requested records in a timely manner?
A criminal or a civil action may be filed in superior court against the records custodian or the county.
May a county clerk or other employee be sued for an open records violation?
Yes. If the county clerk or any other employee that has custody of requested records and knowingly
and willfully fails or refuses to provide access to those records or frustrates or attempts to frustrate
access to records, then a criminal action may be brought against the county clerk, as well as the
county.
Who may bring legal action to enforce the open records law?
An action may be brought by the Attorney General, the district attorney, or a private person in the
superior court of the county where the alleged violation takes place. Oftentimes, a newspaper or other
media outlet will initiate the complaint.
May the county be sued in magistrate court for an open records violation?
No. Actions for alleged open records law violations may only be brought in the superior court. They
may not be brought in municipal court, magistrate court, probate court, state court, or any other lower
court.
May a superior court judge issue an injunction requiring the county to provide records under the
open records law?
The law gives the superior court jurisdiction “in equity,” which means that remedies such as
injunctions may be obtained.
FAQ
CRIMINAL PROSECUTION OF OPEN RECORDS LAW VIOLATIONS
A person alleging a violation of the open records law may ask a judge of the superior, state, or
probate court to issue a citation in the same manner that an arrest warrant for a peace custodian is
issued.
225
The records custodian or other defendant named in the case may not be arrested before
trial. However, a defendant who fails to appear for arraignment or trial may thereafter be arrested
pursuant to a bench warrant and required to post a bond for his or her future appearance.
226
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
100
225 See O.C.G.A. § 17-4-40.
226 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-74(b).
How is an open records law violation prosecuted?
A hearing before the judge of the superior court, state court, or probate court must be held to
determine whether a citation for a violation of the open records law should be issued against the
records custodian.
227
The hearing may be requested by the Attorney General, the district attorney, the
solicitor, or any other individual or party alleging a violation of the open records law. If the citation is
issued, it will be personally served on the records custodian.
At least five days before the arraignment, the court clerk will mail a notice of the arraignment date to
the records clerk and his or her attorney, if any.
228
At the arraignment, the charge against the records
custodian will be read and the records custodian must enter a plea of guilty, not guilty, or nolo
contendere. A plea of nolo contendere means that the records custodian does not dispute the truth of
the charges against him or her.
229
Although it is neither a plea of guilt or innocence, it has a similar
effect as a plea of guilty. If the records custodian enters a plea of guilty or nolo contendere, the judge
may impose a fine of up to $1,000 for a first offense (or $2,500 for a subsequent offense within a
one-year period). If the records custodian enters a plea of not guilty, then the case will go to trial.
Will a county clerk be arrested if he or she fails to comply with the open records law?
The court may issue an arrest warrant only if the county clerk fails to attend the arraignment or trial.
FAQ
CRIMINAL PENALTY FOR OPEN RECORDS LAW VIOLATIONS
It is a misdemeanor for a records custodian, county official, any other person, or entity to violate the
open records law by knowingly and willfully
•failingorrefusingtoprovideaccesstorecordsnotsubjecttoanopenrecordsexemption;
•failingorrefusingtoprovideaccesstopublicrecordswithinthetimelimitsestablishedbylaw;
or
•frustratingorattemptingtofrustratetheaccesstorecordsbyintentionallymakingrecords
difficult to obtain or review.
Conviction of an open records law is punishable by a fine up to $1,000 for the first violation.
Conviction of additional open records law violations with a 12-month period may result in a criminal
fine up to $2,500.
In addition, county employees or officials that destroy records for the purpose of preventing their
disclosure may be subject to prosecution as a felony punishable by imprisonment of 2 to 10 years.
230
It is a defense to any criminal action under the open records law that a person has acted in good faith
in his or her actions.
231
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
101
227 See O.C.G.A. §§ 17-4-40(c) and 50-18-74(b).
228 O.C.G.A. § 17-7-91.
229 See O.C.G.A. § 17-7-95.
230 See O.C.G.A. §§ 45-11-1(a) and 50-18-74(a).
231 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-74(a).
Are there criminal penalties for violations of the open records law?
Yes. Failure to comply with the open records law is a misdemeanor.
232
Additionally, elections
superintendents who willfully refuse to allow public inspection of certain records in their custody
may be found guilty of a misdemeanor.
233
Furthermore, the failure to release materials, such as
field cards, containing information gathered by the personnel of the board of tax assessors is a
misdemeanor.
234
What happens if the records custodian refuses to release public documents or refuses to allow a
citizen to review public documents?
If the judge determines that the failure to provide available documents within three business days is
knowingly and willfully done, then the records custodian may be found guilty of a misdemeanor and
charged a $1,000 fine.
If a records custodian was fined for violating the open records law and is convicted of a second
violation six months later, how much can the custodian be fined?
The law allows for a fine of up to $1,000 for the first fine and additional fines of up to $2,500
for each additional violation made within a 12-month period from the date the first penalty was
imposed.
What happens if the records custodian destroys records so that they do not have to be turned over
to the person making the request?
Records custodians who destroy records for the purpose of preventing their disclosure can be
prosecuted for a felony punishable by 2 to 10 years in a state prison.
235
This does not apply to
records custodians who are destroying records in accordance with a properly approved record
retention schedule.
FAQ
232 Id.
233 O.C.G.A. § 21-2-585(a).
234 O.C.G.A. § 48-5-314(a)(3).
235 O.C.G.A. § 45-11-1.
236 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-74(a).
CIVIL PENALTY FOR OPEN RECORDS LAW VIOLATIONS
A civil penalty may be imposed by the court in any civil action brought against any person who
negligently violates the open records law in an amount not to exceed $1,000 for the first violation.
A civil penalty not to exceed $2,500 per violation per person may be imposed for each additional
violation committed within a 12-month period from the date the first penalty or fine was imposed.
236
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
102
What are the different penalties and possible results of violating the open records law?
Officials who illegally withhold public records may be found guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by
a $1,000 fine, as well as a civil penalty up to $1,000. If records are destroyed in order to prevent
disclosure, it is a felony with a sentence of 2 to 10 years.
FAQ
FAQ
Can a county clerk be sued for providing requested information that should have been kept
confidential?
While a lawsuit may be filed, if the judge finds that the county clerk in good faith believed that he or
she was required to provide the information under the open records law, then the clerk will not be
liable.
237 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-73(c).
238 O.C.G.A. § 50-18-73(b).
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
103
COURT COSTS AND ATTORNEYS’ FEES
In any action brought to enforce the open records law, if the court determines that either party
acted without substantial justification by not complying with the law or in introducing the litigation,
the court must award attorneys’ fees and other reasonably incurred litigation costs in favor of the
complaining party, unless it finds that special circumstances exist. Whether the position of the
complaining party was substantially justified must be determined on the basis of the record as a
whole, which is made in the proceeding for which fees and other expenses are sought.
238
DEFENSE AGAINST LAWSUIT FOR RELEASING INFORMATION UNDER THE OPEN
RECORDS LAW
Any county, agency, or person who provides access to information in good faith reliance on the
requirements of the open records law will not be held liable in any action on account of that decision.
237
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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239 O.C.G.A. § 45-9-21.
Who pays for the legal defense of a county records custodian sued or prosecuted for an open records
law violation?
As with other lawsuits filed against county officials or employees, the board of commissioners is
authorized to cover the cost of defending lawsuits.
239
Additionally, the defense of these cases may be
covered by the county’s insurance policies, if any.
Does the county have to pay attorneys’ fees awarded to someone who files an open records lawsuit?
In order for an individual to obtain attorneys’ fees from the county, there is a two-prong test. First,
the plaintiff must show that the records custodian or county violated the open records law by not
producing the requested records in a timely fashion. Second, it must be shown that the county lacked
substantial justification for violating the open records law. For instance, the county may not have
provided public records within three days because the courthouse was flooded. The court would likely
find that the county had substantial justification for failing to comply and would not make the county
pay the other party’s attorneys’ fees.
What can county officials do to avoid paying attorneys’ fees to the plaintiff in an open records law
challenge?
The records custodian should be very thorough when reviewing the records responsive to the request
and very accurate when identifying the legal authority for an exemption. If there is any question as to
whether a record should be disclosed or the legal authority for an exemption, the records custodian
should consult with the county attorney. If the records custodian follows the advice of the county
attorney, the judge may be more likely to find that the county acted with justification in refusing to
release a document.
Can a county get the opposing party to pay the county’s attorneys’ fees if the county wins an open
records challenge in superior court?
Yes. Unlike open meetings law challenges, the judge may order the plaintiff to pay the county’s
attorneys’ fees if the plaintiff acted without substantial justification to bringing a lawsuit against the
county challenging the denial of a record.
FAQ
Resources
Open Meetings Model Forms
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
106
Model Executive Session Affidavits
(A copy of the affidavit must be filed with the minutes of the open meeting.)
STATE OF GEORGIA
COUNTY OF _______________________________
AFFIDAVIT OF PRESIDING OFFICER
______________________________, Chair of the ______________________________ County Board of Commissioners,
being duly sworn, states under oath that the following is true and accurate to the best of his/her knowledge and belief:
1.
The _______________________________ County Board of Commissioners met in a duly advertised meeting on
__________________________, __________________________.
2.
During such meeting, the board voted to go into executive session.
3.
The executive session was called to order at _______ a.m./p.m.
4.
The subject matter of the closed portion of the meeting was devoted to the following matter(s) within the exceptions
provided in the open meetings law:
_____ Consultation with the county attorney or other legal counsel to discuss pending or potential litigation, settlement,
claims, administrative proceedings, or other judicial actions brought or to be brought by or against the county or
any officer or employee or in which the county or any officer or employee may be directly involved as provided in
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-2(1)
_____ Discussion of tax matters made confidential by state law as provided by O.C.G.A. § 50-14-2(2) and (insert the
citation to the legal authority making the tax matter confidential) ___________________________
_____ Discussion or voting on
_____ Authorizing a settlement as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(1)(A)
_____ Authorizing negotiations to purchase, dispose of, or lease property as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(1)
(B)
_____ Authorizing an appraisal as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(1)(C)
_____ Entering a contract for the purchase, disposal of, or lease of property as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)
(1)(D)
_____ Entering into an option to purchase, dispose of, or lease property as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(1)(E)
_____ Discussion or deliberation on the appointment, employment, compensation, hiring, disciplinary action or
dismissal, or periodic evaluation or rating of a county officer or employee as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-
14-3(b)(2)
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
107
_____ Interviewing candidates for executive positions as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(2)
_____ Other (describe the exemption to the open meetings law): ____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________as provided in (insert the citation to the
legal authority exempting the topic) ________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
5.
_____ During the course of the closed session devoted to exempt topics, an incidental remark regarding a non-exempt
topic or an attempt to discuss a non-exempt topic was made.
_____ The attempt was immediately ruled out of order and attempts to discuss same ceased immediately.
_____ The attempt was immediately ruled out of order. However, the comments did not cease, so the closed/
executive session was immediately adjourned without discussion or action being taken regarding any non-
exempt topic.
6.
Minutes were taken of this meeting and will be filed and held for in-camera inspection only.
This ______ day of _______________________, __________.
___________________________________________
Chair
___________________________________________
County Board of Commissioners
Sworn to and subscribed before me this ______ day of
________________________, ___________.
__________________________________________
Notary Public
My commission expires:
___________________________________
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
108
STATE OF GEORGIA
COUNTY OF ________________________________
AFFIDAVIT OF ATTENDING MEMBERS
______________________________________, Member of the _______________________________ County Board of
Commissioners, being duly sworn, states under oath that the following is true and accurate to the best of his/her
knowledge and belief:
1.
The ___________________________ County Board of Commissioners met in a duly advertised meeting on
__________________________, ______________.
2.
During such meeting, the Board voted to go into closed session.
3.
The executive session was called to order at _______ a.m./p.m.
4.
The subject matter of the closed portion of the meeting was devoted to the following matter(s) within the exceptions
provided in the open meetings law:
____ Consultation with the county attorney or other legal counsel to discuss pending or potential litigation, settlement,
claims, administrative proceedings, or other judicial actions brought or to be brought by or against the county or
any officer or employee or in which the county or any officer or employee may be directly involved as provided in
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-2(1)
____ Discussion of tax matters made confidential by state law as provided by O.C.G.A. § 50-14-2(2) and (insert the
citation to the legal authority making the tax matter confidential) ___________________________
____ Discussion or voting on
_____ Authorizing a settlement as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(1)(A)
_____ Authorizing negotiations to purchase, dispose of, or lease property as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)
(1)(B)
_____ Authorizing an appraisal as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(1)(C)
_____ Entering a contract for the purchase, disposal of, or lease of property as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)
(1)(D)
_____ Entering into an option to purchase, dispose of, or lease property as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(1)
(E)
_____ Discussion or deliberation on the appointment, employment, compensation, hiring, disciplinary action or
dismissal, or periodic evaluation or rating of a county officer or employee as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-14-
3(b)(2)
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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_____ Interviewing candidates for executive positions as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(2)
_____ Other (describe the exemption to the open meetings law): ______________________________________
______________________ as provided in (insert the citation to the legal authority exempting the topic)
___________________________________________
5.
______ During the course of the closed session devoted to exempt topics, an incidental remark regarding a non-exempt
topic or an attempt to discuss a non-exempt topic was made.
_____ The attempt was immediately ruled out of order and attempts to discuss same ceased immediately.
_____ The attempt was immediately ruled out of order. However, the comments did not cease, so the closed/
executive session was immediately adjourned without discussion or action being taken regarding any non-
exempt topic.
6.
Minutes were taken of this meeting in accordance with O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(e)(2)(C) and will be filed and held for in-
camera inspection only.
This ______ day of _______________________, __________.
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Member
___________________________________________
County Board of Commissioners
Sworn to and subscribed before me this ______ day of
________________________, ___________.
__________________________________________
Notary Public
My commission expires:
___________________________________
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
110
Model Executive Session Minutes
STATE OF GEORGIA
COUNTY OF ___________________________________
EXECUTIVE SESSION MINUTES
_______________________(month), ______(day), _________(year)
The ____________County Board of the Commissioners met in Executive Session this ______ day of______________, at
_________ a.m./p.m. in _______________ room of _____________________.
The following commissioners were present: _______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
A quorum being present, the meeting was called to order at _______ a.m./p.m. by ______________________________,
who presided at the meeting.
The subject matter of the closed portion of the meeting was devoted to the following matter(s) within the exceptions
provided in the open meetings law:
______ Consultation with the county attorney or other legal counsel to discuss pending or potential litigation, settlement,
claims, administrative proceedings, or other judicial actions brought or to be brought by or against the county or any
officer or employee or in which the county or any officer or employee may be directly involved as provided in O.C.G.A.
§ 50-14-2(1)
Details: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______ Discussion of tax matters made confidential by state law, as provided by O.C.G.A. § 50-14-2(2) and (insert the
citation to the legal authority making the tax matter confidential) ___________________________________
Details: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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______ Discussion or voting on
_____ Authorizing a settlement as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(1)(A)
_____ Authorizing negotiations to purchase, dispose of, or lease property as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(1)(B)
_____ Authorizing an appraisal as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(1)(C)
_____ Entering a contract for the purchase, disposal of, or lease of property as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)
(1)(D)
_____ Entering into an option to purchase, dispose of, or lease property as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(1)(E)
Details: _____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
______ Discussion or deliberation on the appointment, employment, compensation, hiring, disciplinary action or
dismissal, or periodic evaluation or rating of a county officer or employee as provided in O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(2)
Details: _____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
______ Discussion or deliberation interviewing applicants for the position of the executive head of the county as provided
in O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(2)
Details: _____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______ Other (describe the exemption to the open meetings law): __________________________________________
____________________________________________________ as provided in (insert the citation to the legal authority
exempting the topic) _________________________________________
Details: _____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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For any votes put forth, the motion was ______________________________________, introduced by _______________
_________________________ and seconded by _____________________________ with votes being
In favor:
Opposed:
Abstaining:
ADJOURNMENT
There being no further business to come before the Executive Session, and on motion duly made by _________________
____________________, seconded and carried by __________________________, the meeting was adjourned at ______
a.m./p.m.
__________________________,
Presiding Officer
__________________________,
Commissioner
__________________________,
Commissioner
__________________________,
Commissioner
__________________________,
Commissioner
__________________________
County Clerk
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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Model Resolution Approving Executive
Session Minutes
NOTE: The open records law is silent as to how executive session minutes are to be prepared and approved. As such, this
model resolution reflects but one approach. Other approaches that may also be acceptable include, but are not limited
to, having the members indicate acceptance of the executive committee minutes without a vote by signing the executive
session minutes immediately prior to adjourning the session or by approving the minutes in the next executive session.
RESOLUTION OF THE _________________________ COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
REGARDING REVIEW AND APPROVAL OF MINUTES OF EXECUTIVE SESSIONS
WHEREAS, O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(e)(2)(C) states that
(1) minutes of executive sessions shall be recorded but shall not be open to the public; and
(2) such minutes shall specify each issue discussed in executive session and that if matters subject to the attorney-
client privilege are discussed, then the fact that an attorney-client discussion occurred and its subject matter shall
be identified, but the substance of the discussion need not be recorded and shall not be identified in the minutes;
and
(3) such minutes shall be kept and preserved for in camera inspection by an appropriate court should a dispute arise
as to the propriety of any executive session; and
WHEREAS, minutes may be made and records kept by the clerk of the county or a person temporarily appointed to take
such minutes, so long as the minutes accurately reflect the record of the meeting.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the Board of Commissioners of _____________________ County hereby
designates the chair or the chair’s designee, which may include the clerk of the county, to record minutes of an executive
session of the Board of Commissioners of _______________________ County.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that, prior to the conclusion of the executive session, all members of the Board of
Commissioners attending the executive session shall review the minutes recorded.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that, following the conclusion of the executive session, and upon approval of such minutes by
a majority of members in an open meeting, the minutes of the executive session recorded and approved in accordance with
the terms hereof and as noted on the minutes shall be transmitted to the Clerk of the _______________________________
County Board of Commissioners to be placed in proper form, kept in a confidential file, and preserved for in-camera
inspection in accordance with O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(e)(2)(C).
This ______ day of _______________________, __________ by action of the ___________________________________
County Board of Commissioners.
By: _______________________________________
Chair
ATTEST: _______________________________
County Clerk
(County Seal)
Resources
Open Records Model Forms
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
115
Model Open Records Officer Resolution
RESOLUTION OF THE ________________________ COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
FOR THE PURPOSE OF NAMING AN OPEN RECORDS OFFICER, AN ALTERNATE OPEN RECORDS
OFFICER AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
WHEREAS, the provisions of the Georgia Open Records Act, the “Act” (O.C.G.A. § 50-18-70, et seq.), were amended
by action of the Georgia General Assembly during its 2012 session; and
WHEREAS, the Act allows for the appointment of an Open Records Officer to whom all written requests for records must
be made; and
WHEREAS, the Act further provides for notice of such change.
NOW, THEREFORE, pursuant to the provisions of the Act, the _______________________ County Board of Commissioners
does hereby resolve as follows:
1. _______________________________, _____________, is designated as the Open Records Officer and
______________________________, ______________, is designated as the Alternate Records Officer to act in
the Open Records Officer’s absence, both to act for _______________________ County and all of its related and
subsidiary entities, herein the “County”;
2. The term “County and all of its related and subsidiary entities” includes the following county departments and entities:
_________________________________________ ________________________________________
_________________________________________ ________________________________________
_________________________________________ ________________________________________
3. All written requests for records made under the Act directed to the County shall be made to the Open Records Officer,
or in his or her absence, to the alternate;
4. The Open Records Officer is directed to cause all County websites to prominently display this designation and
requirement;
5. The Open Records Officer is directed to notify the_____________________ as the county legal organ and any other
media regularly covering County matters of the content of this resolution;
6. The Open Records Officer is directed to notify all county employees and volunteers that any requests made under
the Act shall be directed to the Open Records Officer or his or her alternate; and
7. This action shall be effective immediately upon the notifications to the media and the changes to the websites
having been made.
Resolved this ________________ day of _______________, 20_____, by action of the _______________________ County
Board of Commissioners.
By: _______________________________________
Chair
ATTEST: _______________________________
County Clerk
(County Seal)
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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Model Open Records Law Policy
(A similar memorandum could be sent to the constitutional officers informing them of their obligations under the
open records law and encouraging them to adopt a similar policy for handling open records requests.)
To: All Department Heads and Employees
From: __________________ County Board of Commissioners
Date: __________________
Re: __________________ County Open Records Law Policy
The open records law is a state law that requires counties and other governmental agencies to provide public access to
documents. It was enacted to make government more open to public scrutiny by requiring that documents and records
maintained by government offices be produced for inspection and copying at any person’s request. You may be criminally
liable for failure to strictly comply with the requirements of this law. This memorandum is designed to alert you to your
responsibilities.
GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES UNDER THE OPEN RECORDS LAW. Whenever any individual requests copies of
“public records” or requests the opportunity to review “public records,” the records custodian must make the copies or
allow the individual the opportunity to review the documents within three business days if the records are available and
are not “exempt” from the open records law. As explained in further detail below, the records custodian may charge a
“reasonable fee,” on behalf of the county, for complying with this request. If the estimated “reasonable fee” is greater
than $25, then the county must provide the individual with a written estimate of the fee. However, it is a good practice
to provide the estimate regardless of the estimated cost.
PUBLIC RECORDS. The most important thing to remember about the open records law is that you must assume
in almost all situations that everything in your department is a public record that is subject to inspection, unless it
falls within one of the specific statutory exemptions to the open records law. Public records include letters, internal
memoranda, invoices, requisitions, and reports maintained by or in your department. Penciled notes, e-mails, desk
diaries, agendas, calendars, rolodexes, contact lists, and telephone message slips may all be subject to disclosure.
Even county records that are not physically located in your office, such as records kept in storage, archives, or at your
home are open records. These may also include documents maintained by a private person or company on behalf of
your department. You cannot exempt records from disclosure by asking a private company to undertake county work, to
assume custody over county documents, or to conduct its own investigation or study of county activities.
Public records also include information that is not on standard paper in printed form. Maps, plats, ledgers, photographs,
directories to records, information maintained on CDs, DVDs, jump drives, microfiche, tapes, and on digital data storage
(such as cloud storage) as well as information stored on computers such as databases, spreadsheets, electronic files,
etc., may be considered public records.
E-MAILS AND TEXT OR INSTANT MESSAGES ARE PUBLIC RECORDS. This includes any e-mails, text or instant
messages (county business and personal) that you have received or sent on a county computer or county issued electronic
device. Any e-mails, text or instant messages relating to county business that you may have received or sent from your
personal computer or electronic device are also public records. Furthermore, records that are stored in the server for your
computer network are subject to disclosure. Comments made and information provided on a social networking site such
as Facebook, LinkedIn, Instagram, or Twitter that is maintained by the county would also be subject.
The key to deciding whether information is open to public inspection is asking whether it is prepared and maintained or
received in the course of the operation of the county, regardless of its location or form.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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DESTRUCTION OF RECORDS. You may not delete, throw away, shred, or destroy county records except in accordance with
the schedule contained in the records management program adopted by the board of commissioners pursuant to O.C.G.A.
§ 50-18-99. The records management program explains how long each type of record must be kept. Correspondence
(i.e., emails, letters, other communications, etc.) is retained based on the subject matter and the significance of the
communication which may be transitory (kept for useful life), general (kept for five years or duration of the record
associated with the communication if longer than five years) or administrative (permanent). For more information on the
county’s records management program, please contact the record management director, county clerk, or county manager.
EXEMPTIONS TO THE OPEN RECORDS LAW. Some records are exempt from the open records law and do not have to
be released to the public. These exceptions are interpreted narrowly, with the presumption that the public should have
access to information regarding the operation and responsibilities of counties. Because these exceptions to the rule of
disclosure are to be interpreted narrowly, and because several of these have been the subject of court rulings, please
consult with the county attorney immediately if you think that one or more exemptions apply to records you have been
asked to make available. There are three types of exemptions: (1) records that you may not release; (2) records that you
may, but are not required to, withhold; and (3) records that you may temporarily withhold, but must release in the future.
RECORDS THAT MAY NOT BE RELEASED. You are not allowed to release the records listed below. The following
records have been deemed to be private and protected and you could be held liable for allowing access:
•Documentsthatprovidecableandvideoserviceprovidernancialinformation.SeeO.C.G.A.§36-76-6(d).
•Documentsrequiredtobecondentialpursuanttoacourtorder.SeeO.C.G.A.§50-18-71(a).
•Documentsthatarespecicallyrequiredbythefederalgovernmenttobekeptcondential.SeeO.C.G.A.§50-
18-72(a)(1).
•Medicalrecords.SeeO.C.G.A.§§50-18-72(a)(2)and(20).
•Documentsorportionsofdocumentsthatcontaininformationthedisclosureofwhichwouldbean“invasion
of personal privacy.” See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(2). An “invasion of personal privacy” is a legal term that you
should not attempt to interpret. County employees should not withhold documents based on this exception
without first checking with the county clerk or manager.
• Portions ofdocuments containing any individual’ssocial security number, mother’s birth name, creditcard
information, debit card information, bank account information, account and utility account, passwords and
financial data, medical information or insurance data, unlisted telephone number, personal e-mail or cell
phone number, day and month of birth, or information regarding public utility, television, internet, or telephone
accounts held by private customers. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(20). Although you are generally prohibited
from releasing this information, there are some limited situations where it may be released. For instance, this
information may be released to other governmental officials and employees when they seek the information for
administrative purposes. Similarly, information may be released for law enforcement purposes or pursuant to
court order. A news media representative may receive social security number and day and month of birth if they
submit a written request signed under oath that the information sought is in connection with news gathering
and reporting. The month and day of birth of a deceased individual may be released.
•Portionsofdocumentswhichwouldrevealacountyorotherpublicemployee’shomeaddress,hometelephone
number, day and month of birth, social security number, insurance or medical information, mother’s birth name,
credit card information, debit card information, bank account information, account number, utility account number,
account password, financial data or information other than compensatory by the county, unlisted telephone
number, or identity of the public employee’s immediate family or dependents. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(21).
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
118
•Portionsofdocumentsmaintainedbyrecreationprogramsthatcouldrevealachild’sname,address,andphone
number, if 12 years old or under. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(27).
•Documentsorportionsofdocumentsthatwouldrevealatradesecret.SeeO.C.G.A.§50-18-72(a)(34).
•Documentsorportionsofdocumentsthatwoulddiscloseproprietaryinformationthathasnotbeenreleased.
See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(35).
•Documentsthataresubjecttotheattorney-clientprivilege or the attorney work product condentiality.See
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(42).
•Documentsorportionsofdocumentscontainingcondentialtaxinformation.SeeO.C.G.A.§50-18-72(a)(43),
O.C.G.A. § 48-2-15 and/or O.C.G.A. § 48-5-314(a).
•Computerprogramsandsoftware.SeeO.C.G.A.§50-18-72(a)(44).
•Unlessotherwise permitted by law, original trialexhibitswithouttheapprovalofthejudgeassignedtothe
case. However, in most cases a copy, photograph, or other reproduction of a trial exhibit is an open record. See
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(c).
•Vitalrecords.SeeO.C.G.A.§§50-18-76;31-10-25;19-7-46.1.
•Condentialevaluationsrelatingtotheappointmentorhiringofapublicofceroremployee.SeeO.C.G.A.§
50-18-72(a)(7).
•Documentsorportionsofdocumentsthatwouldrevealanycomponentintheprocessusedtoexecuteoradopt
an electronic signature. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(23).
RECORDS THAT MAY BE WITHHELD. The following records may, but are not required to be, withheld. In other words,
although you are not required to release the following records, they may be released.
•Documentsorportionsofdocumentscompiledforlawenforcementorprosecutionpurposesthatwoulddisclose
(1) the identity of a confidential source, (2) confidential investigative or prosecution material that would endanger
the life or physical safety of an individual, or (3) the existence of a confidential surveillance or investigation. See
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(3).
•GeorgiaUniformMotorVehicleAccidentReports.However,certainindividualssupplyingawrittenstatement
of need may be supplied with a copy, such as the parties and witnesses involved or injured in the accident
(and their attorneys or other representatives), the insurance companies, a district attorney, a solicitor, a law
enforcement officer, individuals with a personal, professional or business connection with a party to the accident,
an individual identified in the accident report, an individual that owns or leases one of the vehicles (or other
property) damaged in the accident, an individual who may be liable as a result of the accident, an individual
conducting “public interest” research, a representative of a news media organization, or an attorney needing the
accident report as part of a criminal case or an investigation involving the safety of a road, railroad crossing, or
intersection. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-2(a)(5).
• Documents that would reveal the location or character of a historic property that the Division of Historic
Preservation of the Department of Natural Resources has determined the disclosure of which would create a
substantial risk of harm, theft, or destruction to the property. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(14).
•Recordsoffarmwaterusebyindividualfarmsdeterminedbywater-measuringdevicesinstalledpursuantto
O.C.G.A. §§ 12-5-31 or 12-5-105. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(15).
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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•Documentsthatcontainsite-specicinformationregardingtheoccurrenceofrarespeciesofplantsoranimals
or the location of sensitive natural habitats, the disclosure of which has been determined by the Department
of Natural Resources to create a substantial risk of harm, theft, or destruction to the species or habitat. See
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(18).
•Documentsorportionsofdocumentsthatwouldrevealthenames,homeaddresses,telephonenumbers,security
codes, e-mail addresses, and other data developed by the county in connection with servicing, maintaining,
operating, selling, or leasing a burglar alarm system, fire alarm system, or other electronic security system or
with a neighborhood watch or public safety notification. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(19).
• Documents or portions of documentsthat would reveal the homeaddress, home telephone number, social
security number, insurance information or medical information, or identity of immediate family member or
dependent of a public employee. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(21).
•Documentsorportionsofdocumentsthatwouldrevealthehomeandworkaddressandtelephonenumber,as
well as hours of employment, of anyone who participates in or has expressed an interest in a county rideshare
or carpool program. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-2(a)(24).
•Records that could compromise public security including vulnerability assessments, security plans, and
blueprints of public facilities. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(25).
•Portionsofrecordsidentifyingcallersto9-1-1callcentersbyname,address,andphonenumber.SeeO.C.G.A.
§ 50-18-72(a)(26).
•Audiorecordingsof9-1-1callswhichcontainthespeechindistressorextremecriesofthecallerwhoisaminor
or who died during the call. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(26.1).
•Audioandvideorecordingsfromdevicesusedbylawenforcementofcersinaplacewherethereisareasonable
expectation of privacy when there is no pending investigation. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(26.2).
•Documentsorportionsofdocumentswhichwouldreveallicensestocarrypistolsorrevolvers.However,probate
court judges and law enforcement agencies may obtain records related to licensing and possession of firearms.
See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(40).
•Documentsorportionsofdocumentsthatwouldrevealrecordspertainingtotheratingplans,ratingsystems,
underwriting rules, surveys, inspections, statistical plans, or similar proprietary information used to provide or
administer liability insurance or self-insurance coverage to a county. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(45).
RECORDS THAT MAY BE WITHHELD TEMPORARILY. The following records may, but are not required, to be withheld.
However, if they are withheld from disclosure, they may only be held temporarily. Eventually, they must be released.
• Records of a pending investigation or prosecution of a criminal or unlawful activity by a law enforcement,
prosecuting, or regulatory agency do not have to be released until the investigation is concluded. See O.C.G.A.
§ 50-18-72(a)(3).
•Informationcompiledinaninvestigationofacountyemployeeorofcialisnotrequiredtobereleaseduntil10
days after it has been presented to the board of commissioners or other officer for action or until 10 days after
the investigation is concluded. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(8).
•Documentsorportions of documents that would revealthelocationofrealproperty (i.e., land or land and
a building or other structure) that the county is considering purchasing. However, these documents must be
released once the property has been purchased or the plan to purchase has been abandoned. See O.C.G.A. §
50-18-72(a)(9).
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•Pendingbidsandproposalsonpublicworksandroadconstructionprojectsmustbewithhelduntilthenal
award of the contract is made or until the project is terminated or abandoned. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(10).
•Documentsthatwouldidentifyindividualsapplyingfororunderconsiderationforemploymentorappointment
as an executive head (i.e., a county manager, administrator, or department head) if the hiring process is not
conducted in the open. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(11). Once the number of individuals under consideration
has been narrowed down to three, the three finalists have the opportunity to withdraw their applications rather
than have their names released. The names of the three finalists must be released at least 14 days before the
individual is hired.
•Documentsthatareofhistoricalresearchvalueandthathavehadarestrictionofaccessplaceduponthemby
the owner/donor do not have to be released until 75 years after the date of donation. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-
72(a)(13).
THE PUBLIC’S RIGHT UNDER THE OPEN RECORDS LAW. The public has the right to a personal inspection of all
public records not specifically exempted from disclosure under this law. It does not matter whether they are a citizen
of our county or even our state. Similarly, except for information that could lead to identity theft (i.e., social security
numbers, bank account information, credit card information, mother’s birth name, day and month of birth), it should
not matter why they are seeking the records or how they will use the records. If it is a public record, then any individual
may see it.
Anyone may also make copies of public records, for a uniform per-page charge (up to 10¢ per page), and, if the search
or retrieval of the records imposes unusual administrative costs or burdens, for additional administrative charges (see
below for further explanation of the fees that may be charged).
Anyone who asks for a record has the right, within three business days of the request (1) to be told whether the document
is an open or “public record” or whether a document (or a portion of a document) falls within one of the “exemptions” to
the open records law; (2) to be given the legal authority (by code section, subsection, and paragraph number), if all or a
portion of the requested records are “exempt;” (3) to be notified of any estimated charges for complying with the request;
and (4) to be given copies of the requested documents, to be given the opportunity to inspect the requested documents,
or to have the requested documents e-mailed, faxed, or otherwise transmitted electronically.
While county records belong to the public, the county serves as the custodian or trustee of the records and must protect
them from permanent removal or alteration by an individual member of the public. Although individuals have the right
to personally inspect or copy records, they do not have the right to remove public records from the office of the records
custodian. As such, the records custodian or his or her designee should supervise the inspection of the records.
REASONABLE FEES THAT MAY BE CHARGED UNDER THE OPEN RECORDS LAW. The law states that you may
charge and collect a uniform copying fee not to exceed 10¢ per page for letter or legal sized documents and the actual
cost for non-standard documents or electronic media. However, higher fees for certified copies or other specialized
records may be charged, if authorized by law.
The law also authorizes a reasonable charge for the search, retrieval, redaction, and other direct administrative costs for
complying with a request for records. The hourly charge permitted cannot exceed the salary of the lowest-paid, full-time
employee who, in the discretion of the records custodian, has the necessary skill and training to fulfill the request. If such
an administrative charge will be assessed and is estimated to be greater than $25, you must provide it in writing to the
individual requesting the documents within three business days of receiving the request, but before fulfilling the request.
Additionally, you must use the most economical and efficient means available to comply with the request.
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RECORDS CUSTODIAN. The law allows counties to designate one or more records custodians to handle open records
requests. The custodian should be designated for this position by a resolution of the board of commissioners. The
resolution should also specify which county departments and offices should be covered by the designated records
custodian(s). Once a records custodian has been designated, the county is required to notify their legal organ and display
this information in a prominent place on their website, if available. The following individuals have been designated by
resolution of the board of commissioners as the records custodian and the alternate for the following departments:
Department Records Custodian Alternate
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Any open records request received must be immediately forwarded to the appropriate records custodian, or if that person
is unavailable, to his or her designated alternate.
HANDLING OPEN RECORDS REQUESTS. Generally, all requests for records are to be responded to within three
business days. Whenever possible, this means providing electronic or hard copies of the documents to the requestor or
providing access. Most requests for records should be handled at the time of request without special review.
However, when the request for records cannot be handled while the citizen is in the county office or if it appears that the
request may require some searching or review, the following procedures should be followed.
1. While you cannot require that a request be made in writing (although you can direct all written requests to the
designated records custodian), you may encourage the requestor to put it in writing to provide documentation
of when the open records request was received, as well as help to prevent misunderstandings over the actual
records being requested. A records request form is attached to this memorandum and should be offered to every
person requesting records and if practicable, posted on the county website. The form may be e-mailed, faxed, or
mailed to the requestor or provided to any requestor appearing in person. If the request form is not filled out by
the requestor, the records custodian should note on a form what records were requested and by whom, if known.
An adequate supply of forms should be on hand at all times. Additional copies may be made by the custodian or
may be obtained from the county clerk.
2. Upon receipt of the request, the custodian should immediately date-stamp the request form.
3. Immediately review the request to ensure that it is addressed to the appropriate department or official. If you
believe that the request may include documents held by other departments, take a copy of the request to the
records custodians of those departments immediately. The three-business-day time period begins to run as soon
as the records custodian receives the request, if the county has designated a records custodian. Otherwise, the
time period begins when the county receives the request.
4. Within three business days of the request, determine whether the county has records that are responsive to the
request. You may not destroy documents or give them to someone else to prevent releasing them. However, if
such records do not exist, let the requesting party know of this fact within the three-business-day time period.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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5. Within three business days of the request, provide a written estimate of any copying charges or administrative
charges for retrieving the documents. This is required if the estimate is greater than $25. However, it is a good
practice to provide it any time there will be copying or administrative charges.
6. Within three business days of the request, determine whether all or any portion of the documents are subject to
any of the exemptions to the open records law. If all or any portion of the requested records are exempt, provide
a written notice to the individual requesting the documents of the exemption, including the exact code section,
subsection and paragraph. It is extremely important that you are complete and accurate in describing a record
as exempt. Do not include any exemptions that do not actually apply to the requested records. If you have any
questions about whether an exemption applies, contact the county manager, county clerk, or county attorney
immediately.
7. Within three business days of the request, allow the requesting party to inspect and/or copy the documents that
are not exempt from the open records law. You may redact (strike through or white out) any exempt portion of
the document prior to releasing it to the individual. If the records cannot be produced within this time, provide
the requesting party a written description of the records and a timetable for their production.
8. You are not obligated to create documents that do not presently exist or to summarize information on a list or
calculations if that has not already been created as a document or computer file. For example, you may be asked
for a list of all persons delinquent in paying property taxes, but your records are maintained by street address.
The appropriate response is to state that you have no document in your custody or control that contains the
information requested, and that such information (e.g., delinquent taxpayers) is maintained in another way (e.g.,
in individual forms using street addresses). However, if the information requested is kept in a database and you
can access that information by performing a search or query, then you must provide that information.
9. At all times, be courteous, professional, and prompt when handling open records requests. Remember, as county
officials and employees it is one of our duties to provide access to records that belong to the public. Responding
to open records requests should not be viewed as an interruption of your work—it is an important part of your
work. Even when the records requestor seems adversarial, it is still your responsibility to maintain a professional
and helpful attitude.
10. If practicable, post frequently requested information such as the budget, audit, minutes, and the agenda on the
county website so that the public has direct access to this information. The open records law allows the county
to provide this public access in lieu of providing separate copies or printouts. However, if you receive a request
for data fields, you may not refuse to provide the records on the basis of this public access.
11. If you have any questions at any stage of handling an open records request, contact the county attorney
immediately. Do not attempt to over-interpret the requirements of this policy or the open records law. If you fail
to strictly adhere to all of the requirements of the open records law, you may be found guilty of a misdemeanor.
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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Model Open Records Request
(This form may be used to distribute to individuals requesting documents under the open records law;
however, an open records request is not required to be in writing)
________________________ COUNTY OPEN RECORDS REQUEST
Pursuant to the open records law, I would like to ____ inspect and copy; or ____ obtain copies of (please check one) the
following ______________________ County records: _______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
(In order to reduce administrative and copying charges, please provide as detailed a description
as possible of the records that you are requesting.)
Please check one:
_____ I would like to review the documents/receive the copies within three business days of this request if the records
are available; however, I understand that if the records cannot be produced within three business days, a timetable
for their release will be provided to me; or
_____ I do not need the documents/access within three business days, but would like to review the documents/receive
the copies by ___________________________ (insert desired timetable).
I understand that, pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71, I may be charged administrative and copying fees for the cost to
search, retrieve, copy, redact, and supervise access to the requested documents. This fee represents the hourly rate of
the lowest-paid, full-time employee with the necessary skill and training to respond to my request, with no charge for
the first 15 minutes that it takes to respond to the request. The charge for copies is 10¢ per page for letter or legal sized
documents and the actual cost for non-standard documents or electronic media; however, higher fees for certified copies
or other specialized records may be charged, if provided by law. I understand that I will be asked to prepay all costs
associated with retrieving the records before the request will be processed if the estimated cost for producing the records
exceeds $500, or if I have failed to pay for requested records in the past. I agree to pay all copying and/or administrative
costs incurred with fulfilling my open records request.
If there are any questions about my request, I may be contacted at (_____) _____ - ________ (please insert daytime
telephone number) or by e-mail at _________________________ (please insert e-mail address).
Sincerely,
_______________________________________________ ________________________
Requestor Date
____________________________________________________ (printed name)
____________________________________________________ (address)
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FOR COUNTY USE ONLY:
Open records requests are not required to be in writing. If the requestor declines to use this records request form, fill in
this form based upon the information that the requestor provided and sign below.
Date: __________________________ Time: _________________
Name of Employee Receiving Verbal Request: _______________________________
Signature: _________________________________
Department: _______________________________
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Model Response to Open Records Request
WHEN DOCUMENTS ARE AVAILABLE TO BE INSPECTED, COPIED,
OR PROVIDED WITHIN THREE BUSINESS DAYS
(This response should be used when an individual has requested to review, inspect, or obtain records, portions of
which may be exempt, that may be made available within three business days of the request)
Date ___________________ (to be sent within three business days of the request for record)
Dear _______________________ (Requestor):
Thank you for your request to review county records and your interest in county government. I received your [verbal/written]
open records law request on _____________ (insert date) to review _______________________ County documents. After
reviewing your request, it has been determined that
_____ All of the documents that you requested are required to be released under the open records law.
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are not required to be released pursuant to a court order issued by the
_____________________ Court of _______________________ [Judicial Circuit/County] dated _______________.
See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(a).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are specifically required by the federal government to be kept confidential (see
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(1) and________________________________). (Insert the citation to the federal code or
regulation that requires the document to be kept confidential.)
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are medical records and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-
72(a)(2).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain information the disclosure of which would be an invasion of personal
privacy and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(2).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents were compiled for law enforcement or prosecution purposes and would disclose
(1) the identity of a confidential source, (2) confidential investigative or prosecution material that would endanger
the life or physical safety of an individual, or (3) the existence of a confidential surveillance or investigation and
are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(3).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are records of a pending investigation or prosecution of a criminal or unlawful
activity by a law enforcement, prosecuting, or regulatory agency and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A.
§ 50-18-72(a)(4).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are Individual Georgia Uniform Motor Vehicle Accident Reports, which may only
be released to certain individuals who complete a statement of need. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(5).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain jury list data, including, but not limited to, persons’ names, dates of
birth, addresses, ages, race, gender, telephone numbers, social security numbers, and when it is available, the
person’s ethnicity, and other confidential identifying information, which are not subject to disclosure. See O.C.G.A.
§ 50-18-72(a)(6).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are confidential evaluations relating to the appointment or hiring of a public
officer or employee and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(7).
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_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain materials of an investigation relating to the suspension or firing of, or a
complaint against, a public officer or employee, which have been presented to the county or concluded for less
than 10 days and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(8).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain information relating to the acquisition of real property and are not
required to be released until the property is purchased or the acquisition is abandoned. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-
72(a)(9).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain pending bids or proposals on public works or road construction projects
and are not required to be released until the final award is made or the project is abandoned. See O.C.G.A. § 50-
18-72(a)(10).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would identify individuals applying for or under consideration for employment
or appointment as an executive head and are not required to be released until up to three finalists are selected.
Once the final three individuals consent to having their names released, then the county will release their names
at least 14 days before hiring one of them. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(11).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are of historical research value and have had a restriction of access placed upon
them by the owner/donor and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(13).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal the location or character of a historic property that the Division
of Historic Preservation of the Department of Natural Resources has determined the disclosure of which would
create a substantial risk of harm, theft, or destruction to the property and are not required to be released. See
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(14).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal records of farm water use by individual farms determined by water-
measuring devices installed pursuant to O.C.G.A. §§ 12-5-31 or 12-5-105 and are not required to be released.
See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(15).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain site-specific information regarding the occurrence of rare species of
plants or animals or the location of sensitive natural habitats, the disclosure of which has been determined by
the Department of Natural Resources to create a substantial risk of harm, theft, or destruction to the species or
habitat and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(18).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal the names, home addresses, telephone numbers, security codes,
e-mail addresses, or any other data or information developed, collected, or received by the county in connection
with the installation, servicing, maintaining, operating, selling, or leasing of burglar alarm systems, fire alarm
systems, or other electronic security systems and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(19).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents that would reveal the names, home addresses, telephone numbers, security
codes, e-mail addresses, or any other data or information developed, collected, or received by the county in
connection with a neighborhood watch or public safety notification program are not required to be released. See
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(19).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents include social security number, mother’s birth name, day and month of birth,
bank account information, account or utility account passwords and numbers, credit/debit card information,
unlisted phone number, insurance information, or medical information and may not be required to be released
except in limited situations defined by law. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(20).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal the home address, home telephone number, social security number,
insurance information or medical information, or identity of immediate family member or dependent of a public
employee. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(21).
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_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal the names, or date of birth of children, or the names, addresses,
telephone numbers, or e-mail addresses of parents, immediate family, and emergency contacts or names of
individuals who report violation in records of the Department of Early Care and Learning and are not required to
be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(22).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain information that would disclose any component in the process used to
adopt an electronic signature. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(23).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal the home address, home telephone number, work address, work
telephone number, or hours of employment of any individual participating in or who expressed an interest in
participating in any carpooling or rideshare program and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-
72(a)(24).
_____ Records that could compromise public security including vulnerability assessments, security plans, and blueprint
of public facilities. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(25).
_____ Portions of records identifying callers to 9-1-1 call centers by name, address, and phone number. See O.C.G.A. §
50-18-72(a)(26).
_____ Portions of records in audio recordings of 9-1-1 calls which contain the speech in distress or extreme cries of the
caller if he or she is a minor or died during the call. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(26.1).
_____ Records that contain audio and video recordings from devices used by law enforcement officers in a place where
there is a reasonable expectation of privacy when there is no pending investigation. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)
(26.2).
_____ Portions of records identifying children 12 years of age or younger participating in public recreation programs by
name, address and phone number, or emergency contact. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(27).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal a trade secret and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. §
50-18-72(a)(34).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal a potentially commercially valuable plan, proposal, or strategy of
the hospital authority and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(a)(39) and 31-7-75.2.
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are subject to the attorney-client privilege or the attorney work product
confidentiality and are not factual findings are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(a)(41) and
(42).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain confidential tax information and are not required to be released. See
O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(a)(43), 48-2-15 and/or 48-5-314(a).
_____ Original trial exhibits are not permitted to be inspected without the approval of the judge. However, a copy,
photograph or other reproduction may be provided. See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(c) and (d).
_____ Trial exhibits in cases involving alleged violations of O.C.G.A. 16-12-100 are not permitted to be inspected or
copied without a court order. See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(c) and (d).
_____ Records that provide cable and video service provider financial information are not required to be released. See
O.C.G.A. § 36-76-6(d).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain vital records except from disclosure and are not required to be released.
See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-76; 31-10-25; 19-7-46.1.
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_____ Other: _________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
(Include all applicable legal authority for such exemption with code section, subsection, and paragraph.)
The [portion of the documents subject to release/documents] are available at this time. Please come to Room
________ of the _____________________ County Courthouse [during normal business hours/on ________ date. Please
call _______________ at _________________ to set up a convenient appointment]. If you still desire copies of these
documents, please sign and date the bottom portion of this letter and return it to my office.
As provided by O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71, the estimated cost to search, retrieve, copy, redact, and supervise access to the
requested document is $________. This fee includes a charge of $_______ per hour to cover the administrative costs of
assisting you with your request (e.g., staff time searching for, retrieving, copying the requested documents, supervision of
the access, etc.) to access county records as authorized by O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71. This fee represents the hourly rate of
the lowest-paid, full-time employee with the necessary skill and training to respond to your request. There is no charge
for the first 15 minutes. Should you need copies of any of the requested records, the charge is generally 10¢ per page
for letter or legal sized documents. You will be charged the actual cost for non-standard documents or electronic media.
Additionally, higher fees may be charged for certified copies or other specialized records, if provided by law. At this time,
there appear to be approximately _____ pages of documents responsive to your request that are subject to release under
the open records law.
Please sign and date below, acknowledging that you understand the administrative and copying costs are your
responsibility. Please return a copy of this letter to my office prior to reviewing the documents.
Sincerely,
___________________________________
____________________________ County Records Custodian
I agree to pay all copying and/or administrative costs incurred in fulfilling my open records request.
____________________________________ ________________________
Requestor Date
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Model Response to Open Records Request
WHEN RECORDS ARE NOT AVAILABLE WITHIN THREE BUSINESS DAYS
(This response should be used when an individual has requested to review, inspect, or obtain copies of records,
portions of which may be exempt, that cannot be made available within three business days of the request, are
overly broad requests, are completely exempt from disclosure, or are unavailable)
Date ___________________ (to be sent within three business days of the request for record)
Dear _______________________ (Requestor):
Thank you for your request to review county records and your interest in county government. I received your [verbal/
written] open records law request on ________ (date) for copies of the following ____________________ County
documents or records: _________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________(insert description of the requested documents or records)
AVAILABILITY
_____ All of the documents that you requested are required to be released under the open records law, but they cannot
be made available to you within three business days of your request. They will, however, be made available to
you on ________________ (insert timetable for availability of the requested documents).
_____ The [portion of the documents subject to release/documents] cannot be made available within three business
days of your request. They will, however, be made available to you on ____________________________ (insert
timetable for availability of the requested documents).
_____ The [portion of the documents subject to release/documents] are not available in an electronic format. The records
may however be [copied/personally inspected]. The records [are now available/cannot be made available within
three business days of your request, but will be made available to you on ____________________________ (insert
timetable for availability of the requested documents).]
_____ It has been determined that ____________________ County does not maintain documents or records that are
responsive to your request. (You may wish to contact the City of ____________________/the State/etc. as they
may maintain such records.)
_____ It has been determined that none of the records that you have requested are subject to release under the open
records law.
FURTHER ACTION REQUIRED
_____ This request is [very broad/voluminous]. While we are able to comply with your open records request as stated,
it may be less costly to you if your request were more specific. It might be helpful if you could [be more specific
with/further explain] your request so that I can better locate the documents that you would like, thereby reducing
your cost.
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EXEMPT RECORDS
After reviewing your request, it has been determined the following exemptions apply:
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are not required to be released pursuant to a court order issued by the
__________________ Court of _________________________ [Judicial Circuit/County] dated ____________. See
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(a).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are specifically required by the federal government to be kept confidential (see
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(1) and ________________________________). (Insert the citation to the federal code
or regulation that requires the document to be kept confidential.)
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are medical records and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-
72(a)(2).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain information the disclosure of which would be an invasion of personal
privacy and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(2).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents were compiled for law enforcement or prosecution purposes and would disclose
(1) the identity of a confidential source, (2) confidential investigative or prosecution material that would endanger
the life or physical safety of an individual, or (3) the existence of a confidential surveillance or investigation and
are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(3).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are records of a pending investigation or prosecution of a criminal or unlawful
activity by a law enforcement, prosecuting, or regulatory agency and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A.
§ 50-18-72(a)(4).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are Individual Georgia Uniform Motor Vehicle Accident Reports, which may only
be released to certain individuals who complete a statement of need. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(5).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain jury list data, including, but not limited to, persons’ names, dates of
birth, addresses, ages, race, gender, telephone numbers, social security numbers, and when it is available, the
person’s ethnicity, and other confidential identifying information, which are not subject to disclosure. See O.C.G.A.
§ 50-18-72(a)(6).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are confidential evaluations relating to the appointment or hiring of a public
officer or employee and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(7).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain materials of an investigation relating to the suspension or firing of, or a
complaint against, a public officer or employee, which have been presented to the county or concluded for less
than 10 days and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(8).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain information relating to the acquisition of real property and are not
required to be released until the property is purchased or the acquisition is abandoned. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-
72(a)(9).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain pending bids or proposals on public works or road construction projects
and are not required to be released until the final award is made or the project is abandoned. See O.C.G.A. § 50-
18-72(a)(10).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would identify individuals applying for or under consideration for employment
or appointment as an executive head and are not required to be released until up to three finalists are selected.
Once the final three individuals consent to having their names released, then the county will release their names
at least 14 days before hiring one of them. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(11).
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_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are of historical research value and have had a restriction of access placed upon
them by the owner/donor and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(13).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal the location or character of a historic property that the Division
of Historic Preservation of the Department of Natural Resources has determined the disclosure of which would
create a substantial risk of harm, theft, or destruction to the property and are not required to be released. See
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(14).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal records of farm water us by individual farms determined by water-
measuring devices installed pursuant to O.C.G.A. §§ 12-5-31 or 12-5-105 and are not required to be released.
See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(15).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain site-specific information regarding the occurrence of rare species of
plants or animals or the location of sensitive natural habitats the disclosure of which has been determined by
the Department of Natural Resources to create a substantial risk of harm, theft, or destruction to the species or
habitat and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(18).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal the names, home addresses, telephone numbers, security codes,
e-mail addresses, or any other data or information developed, collected, or received by the county in connection
with the installation, servicing, maintaining, operating, selling, or leasing of burglar alarm systems, fire alarm
systems, or other electronic security systems and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)
(19).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents that would reveal the names, home addresses, telephone numbers, security
codes, e-mail addresses, or any other data or information developed, collected, or received by the county in
connection with a neighborhood watch or public safety notification program are not required to be released. See
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(19).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents include social security number, mother’s birth name, day and month of birth,
bank account information, account or utility account passwords and numbers, credit/debit card information,
unlisted phone number, insurance information, or medical information and may not be required to be released
except in limited situations defined by law. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(20).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal the home address, home telephone number, social security number,
insurance information or medical information, or identity of immediate family member or dependent of a public
employee and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(21).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal the names or date of birth of children, or the names, addresses,
telephone numbers, or e-mail addresses of parents, immediate family, and emergency contacts or names of
individuals who report violation in records of the Department of Early Care and Learning and are not required to
be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(22).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain information that would disclose any component in the process used to
adopt an electronic signature and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(23).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal the home address, home telephone number, work address, work
telephone number, or hours of employment of any individual participating in or who expressed an interest in
participating in any carpooling or rideshare program and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-
72(a)(24).
_____ Records that could compromise public security including vulnerability assessments, security plans, and blueprints
of public facilities. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(25).
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_____ Portions of records identifying callers to 9-1-1 call centers by name, address, and phone number and are not
required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(26).
_____ Portions of records in audio recordings of 9-1-1 calls which contain the speech in distress or extreme cries of the
caller if he or she is a minor or died during the call and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-
72(a)(26.1).
_____ Records that contain audio and video recordings from devices used by law enforcement officers in a place where
there is a reasonable expectation of privacy when there is no pending investigation and are not required to be
released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(26.2).
_____ Portions of records identifying children 12 years of age or younger participating in public recreation programs by
name, address, and phone number or emergency contact and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. §
50-18-72(a)(27).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal a trade secret and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. §
50-18-72(a)(34).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal a potentially commercially valuable plan, proposal, or strategy of
the hospital authority and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(a)(39) and 31-7-75.2.
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are subject to the attorney-client privilege or the attorney work product
confidentiality and are not factual findings are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(a)(41) and
(42).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain confidential tax information and are not required to be released. See
O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(a)43, 48-2-15 and/or 48-5-314(a).
_____ Original trial exhibits are not permitted to be inspected without the approval of the judge. However, a copy,
photograph, or other reproduction may be provided. See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(c) and (d).
_____ Trial exhibits in cases involving alleged violations of O.C.G.A. 16-12-100 are not permitted to be inspected or
copied without a court order. See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(c) and (d).
_____ Records that provide cable and video service provider financial information are not required to be released. See
O.C.G.A. § 36-76-6(d).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain vital records except from disclosure and are not required to be released.
See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-76; 31-10-25; 19-7-46.1.
_____ Other: ________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
(Include all applicable legal authority for such exemption with code section, subsection, and paragraph.)
Please sign and date the bottom portion of this letter and return it to my office. As provided by O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71,
the estimated cost to search, retrieve, redact, copy, and supervise access to the requested documents is $________.
This fee includes a charge of $______ per hour to cover the administrative costs of assisting you with your request
(i.e., staff time searching for, retrieving, and copying the requested documents) as authorized by O.C.G.A. § 50-18-
71. This fee represents the hourly rate of the lowest-paid, full-time employee with the necessary skill and training to
respond to your request. There is no charge for the first 15 minutes. The charge for copies is generally 10¢ per page
for letter or legal sized documents. You will be charged the actual cost for non-standard documents or electronic media.
Additionally, higher fees may be charged for certified copies or other specialized records, if provided by law. At this time,
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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it is estimated that there are approximately _________ pages of documents responsive to your request that are subject
to release under the open records law.
Please sign and date below, acknowledging that you understand that the administrative and copying costs are your
responsibility. Please call __________________ at ______________________ if you should have any questions.
Sincerely,
___________________________________
____________________________ County Records Custodian
I agree to pay all copying and/or administrative costs incurred in fulfilling my open records request.
____________________________________ ________________________
Requestor Date
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Model Response to Open Records Request
WHEN AN ERROR IS DISCOVERED IN THE DESIGNATION OF AN EXEMPTION
(This letter should be used when the county has (1) indicated the wrong citation to legal authority for an exemption;
(2) indicated an exemption to the open records law that does not apply to the requested documents, or (3)
discovered that an additional exemption applies to the request records.)
Date ___________________
Dear _______________________ (Requestor):
With regard to the response to your open records law request of _________ (date) for copies of the following
____________________ County documents or records: ____________________________________________________
________________ (insert a description of the requested documents or records), it has been discovered that [an
exemption was improperly designated/the legal authority to an exemption was improperly cited/additional exemptions
apply]. It has been determined that:
_____ All of the documents that you requested are required to be released under the open records law.
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are not required to be released pursuant to a court order issued by the
___________________ Court of ________________________ [Judicial Circuit/County] dated ____________. See
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71(a).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are specifically required by the federal government to be kept confidential (see
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(1) and ________________________________). (Insert the citation to the federal code
or regulation that requires the document to be kept confidential.)
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are medical records and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-
72(a)(2).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain information the disclosure of which would be an invasion of personal
privacy and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(2).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents were compiled for law enforcement or prosecution purposes and would disclose
(1) the identity of a confidential source, (2) confidential investigative or prosecution material that would endanger
the life or physical safety of an individual, or (3) the existence of a confidential surveillance or investigation and
are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(3).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are records of a pending investigation or prosecution of a criminal or unlawful
activity by a law enforcement, prosecuting, or regulatory agency and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A.
§ 50-18-72(a)(4).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are Individual Georgia Uniform Motor Vehicle Accident Reports, which may only
be released to certain individuals who complete a statement of need. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(5).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain jury list data, including, but not limited to, persons’ names, dates of
birth, addresses, ages, race, gender, telephone numbers, social security numbers, and when it is available, the
person’s ethnicity, and other confidential identifying information, which are not subject to disclosure. See O.C.G.A.
§ 50-18-72(a)(6).
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_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are confidential evaluations relating to the appointment or hiring of a public
officer or employee and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(7).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain materials of an investigation relating to the suspension or firing of, or a
complaint against, a public officer or employee, which have been presented to the county or concluded for less
than 10 days and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(8).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain information relating to the acquisition of real property and are not
required to be released until the property is purchased or the acquisition is abandoned. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-
72(a)(9).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain pending bids or proposals on public works or road construction projects
and are not required to be released until the final award is made or the project is abandoned. See O.C.G.A. § 50-
18-72(a)(10).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would identify individuals applying for or under consideration for employment
or appointment as an executive head and are not required to be released until up to three finalists are selected.
Once the final three individuals consent to having their names released, then the county will release their names
at least 14 days before hiring one of them. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(11).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are of historical research value and have had a restriction of access placed upon
them by the owner/donor and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(13).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal the location or character of a historic property that the Division
of Historic Preservation of the Department of Natural Resources has determined the disclosure of which would
create a substantial risk of harm, theft or destruction to the property and are not required to be released. See
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(14).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal records of farm water us by individual farms determined by water-
measuring devices installed pursuant to O.C.G.A. §§ 12-5-31 or 12-5-105 and are not required to be released.
See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(15).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain site-specific information regarding the occurrence of rare species of
plants or animals or the location of sensitive natural habitats, the disclosure of which has been determined by the
Department of Natural Resources to create a substantial risk of harm, theft or destruction to the species or habitat
and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(18).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal the names, home addresses, telephone numbers, security codes,
e-mail addresses, or any other data or information developed, collected, or received by the county in connection
with the installation, servicing, maintaining, operating, selling, or leasing of burglar alarm systems, fire alarm
systems, or other electronic security systems and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)
(19).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents that would reveal the names, home addresses, telephone numbers, security
codes, e-mail addresses, or any other data or information developed, collected, or received by the county in
connection with a neighborhood watch or public safety notification program are not required to be released. See
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(19).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents include social security number, mother’s birth name, day and month of birth,
bank account information, account or utility account passwords and numbers, credit/debit card information,
unlisted phone number, insurance information, or medical information and may not be required to be released
except in limited situations defined by law. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(20).
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_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal the home address, home telephone number, social security number,
insurance information or medical information, or identity of immediate family member or dependent of a public
employee and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(21).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal the names, or date of birth of children, or the names, addresses,
telephone numbers, or e-mail addresses of parents, immediate family, and emergency contacts or names of
individuals who report violation in records of the Department of Early Care and Learning and are not required
to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(22).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain information that would disclose any component in the process used to
adopt an electronic signature and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(23).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal the home address, home telephone number, work address, work
telephone number, or hours of employment of any individual participating in or who expressed an interest in
participating in any carpooling or rideshare program and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-
72(a)(24).
_____ Records that could compromise public security including vulnerability assessments, security plans, and blueprint
of public facilities and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(25).
_____ Portions of records identifying callers to 9-1-1 call centers by name, address, and phone number and are not
required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(26).
_____ Portions of records in audio recordings of 9-1-1 calls which contain the speech in distress or extreme cries of the
caller if he or she is a minor or died during the call and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-
72(a)(26.1).
_____ Records that contain audio and video recordings from devices used by law enforcement officers in a place where
there is a reasonable expectation of privacy when there is no pending investigation and are not required to be
released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(26.2).
_____ Portions of records identifying children 12 years of age or younger participating in public recreation programs by
name, address, and phone number or emergency contact and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. § 50-
18-72(a)(27).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal a trade secret and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. §
50-18-72(a)(34).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents would reveal a potentially commercially valuable plan, proposal, or strategy of
the hospital authority and are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(a)(39) and 31-7-75.2.
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents are subject to the attorney-client privilege or the attorney work product
confidentiality and are not factual findings are not required to be released. See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(a)(41) and
(42).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain confidential tax information and are not required to be released. See
O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(a)43, 48-2-15 and/or 48-5-314(a).
_____ Original trial exhibits are not permitted to be inspected without the approval of the judge. However, a copy,
photograph, or other reproduction may be provided. See O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(c) and (d).
_____ Trial exhibits in cases involving alleged violations of O.C.G.A. 16-12-100 are not permitted to be inspected or
copied without a court order. See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-72(c) and (d).
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_____ Records that provide cable and video service provider financial information are not required to be released. See
O.C.G.A. § 36-76-6(d).
_____ [Portions of the/The] documents contain vital records except from disclosure and are not required to be released.
See O.C.G.A. §§ 50-18-76; 31-10-25; 19-7-46.1.
_____ Other: ________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
(Include all applicable legal authority for such exemption with code section, subsection and paragraph.)
I apologize for any inconvenience. Please call _____________________ at _____________________ if you should have
any questions.
Sincerely,
___________________________________
____________________________ County Records Custodian
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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Model Log of Open Records Requests
(This form may be used to keep track of open records requests, particularly when the requestor
does not make a written request.)
_________________________ County ___________________ Department Open Records Log
Request Number: ______________ Date: ______________ Time: ____ a.m./p.m.
Request Made: in person/by telephone/by fax/by e-mail/by internet/in writing (circle one)
Requestor Name (if known): _____________________________________________
Requestor Address (if known): ___________________________________________
Requestor Telephone Number (if known): ____________________________________
Requestor E-Mail Address (if known): ______________________________________
Description of records: _________________________________________________
Copy charges (10¢ per standard sized page x ___ copies): $_________
Actual cost for non-standard sized materials: $_________
Additional charges as provided by law for specialized records: $_________
Charge for administrative time (________ hours spent responding to the request minus 15 minutes x $_______ the
hourly rate of the lowest-paid, full-time person who could respond to the request; no charge for the first 15 minutes):
$_______
Requestor notified of costs on: ______________(insert date that requestor is notified of cost) in person/by telephone/by
fax/by e-mail/by internet/in writing (circle one)
Requestor notified of any exemptions applying to records on _______________(insert date that requestor is notified of
exemptions) in person/by telephone/by fax/by e-mail/by internet/in writing (circle one)
Requestor notified of availability of records on ____________(insert date that requestor is notified of availability of
records) in person/by telephone/by fax/by e-mail/by internet/in writing (circle one)
Records inspected or copies obtained by requestor on: __________________ (insert date)
Copy and/or administrative charges paid by requestor on: ________________ (insert date)
Notes:
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Model Request from News Media
Representative for Social Security Number
and Day and Month of Birth
(A copy of this sworn statement must be received by the county before providing social security numbers
and day and month of birth to news media representatives.)
STATE OF GEORGIA
COUNTY OF _________________________
AFFIDAVIT OF NEWS MEDIA REPRESENTATIVE REQUESTING SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER
AND DAY AND MONTH OF BIRTH
_______________________, being duly sworn, states under oath that the following is true and accurate to the best of
his/her knowledge and belief:
1. I am legally authorized to represent __________________________, a news media organization located in
_________________________.
2. I am seeking to obtain social security numbers and day and month of birth of the following individuals or group
of individuals who are not public employees:
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. I am seeking the abovementioned information solely for use in connection with news gathering and reporting in
accordance with O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(20)(A).
This _______ day of ___________, _____________.
__________________________
Signature
Sworn to and subscribed
before me this ____ day of
_______________, __________.
________________________
Notary Public
My commission expires:
________________________
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Model Statement of Need Required
to Obtain Accident Reports
(A statement of need must be submitted in order for individuals other than the parties to the accident and their
attorneys to obtain a copy of an Individual Georgia Uniform Motor Vehicle Accident Report.)
_______ ________________ County Statement of Need to Obtain Accident Report
Pursuant to the open records law, I qualify to obtain a copy of the Individual Georgia Uniform Motor Vehicle Accident
Report for
_____ Motor Vehicle Accident Report Number ______________________ (insert accident report number, if known); or
_____ The accident occurring on __________________(insert date of accident) at ________________________ (describe
location of accident) involving the following individuals_______________________________________________
(list the drivers of the vehicle(s) involved in the accident).
I am permitted access to this accident report because
_____ I have a personal, professional, or business relationship with _________________________________________
(list the party to the accident with whom you have such a relationship).
_____ I own or lease an interest in ___________________________________ (describe the property that was damaged
in the accident).
_____ I was injured by the accident.
_____ I was a witness to the accident.
_____ I insure __________________ (list the party to the accident insured by you).
_____ I insure __________________ (describe the property damaged by the accident that is insured by you).
_____ I am a prosecutor or a publicly employed law enforcement officer.
_____ I am alleged to be liable to another party as a result of the accident.
_____ I am an attorney who needs the accident report as part of a criminal case, investigation, of potential claim
involving the safety of a roadway, railroad crossing, or intersection.
_____ I am gathering information as a representative of _______________________ (list the news media organization).
_____ I am seeking a copy of a report for an accident that occurred more than 30 days ago for the purpose of conducting
research in the public interest on accident prevention, prevention of injuries/damages in accidents, determination
of fault in an accident(s).
__________________________________________ _______________________
Signature Date
__________________________________________ (printed name)
__________________________________________ (address)
__________________________________________
Open Meetings
Court Decisions and
Attorney General Opinions
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
142
Open Meetings Court Decisions and Attorney
General Opinion Summaries
COVERED AGENCIES
Jersawitz v. Fortson
Georgia Court of Appeals
213 Ga. App. 796 (1994)
Jersawitz alleged that the Olympic Task Force Selection Committee, which had Atlanta Housing Authority (AHA)
commissioners and officials as members, was subject to the open meetings law. The committee, the Georgia Court of
Appeals noted, was charged with recommending proposals for the revitalization of a public housing project in preparation
for the Olympics and was formed with the knowledge and approval of the AHA. Furthermore, the committee was not
solely advisory in nature because it consisted of two AHA commissioners and other AHA officials. The Court also held
that the committee could not hold a meeting required to be open and merely provide a videotape of the meeting. A
videotape of a meeting intended to be open to the public is not an adequate substitute for in-person access. Furthermore,
the Court noted that the committee waived its right to conduct a closed meeting by permitting the presence of members
of the general public not affiliated with either the committee or the AHA.
Attorney General Opinion U95-22
1995 Op. Att’y Gen. No. U95-22
According to the Attorney General, the board of tax assessors and the board of tax equalization must comply with the
open meetings law. All official proceedings and actions of the boards must be conducted in open meetings. However,
either board may close a meeting to discuss matters that are considered confidential by O.C.G.A. § 50-14-2. Additionally,
the boards may preserve the confidentiality of taxpayer records as provided by O.C.G.A. § 48-5-314.
Bryan County Board of Equalization v. Bryan County Board of Tax Assessors Georgia Court of Appeals
253 Ga. App. 831 (2002)
The Georgia Court of Appeals held that the board of equalization is subject to the open meetings law. The board of
equalization must conduct its deliberations and votes on tax matters in an open and public meeting.
Attorney General Opinion U10-1
2010 Op. Att’y Gen. No. U10-1
According to the Attorney General, the open meetings law applies to the Drug Utilization Review Board created by the
Georgia Department of Community Health even though the board is only advisory in nature and takes no binding action.
The board is a vehicle of the department of its actions, and board meetings cover official business.
ACCESS TO MEETINGS / NOTICE / PROCEDURES
Jersawitz v. Fortson
Georgia Court of Appeals
213 Ga. App. 796 (1994)
Jersawitz alleged that the Olympic Task Force Selection Committee which had Atlanta Housing Authority (AHA)
commissioners and officials as members, was subject to the open meetings law. The committee, the Court noted, was
charged with recommending proposals for the revitalization of a public housing project in preparation for the Olympics
and was formed with the knowledge and approval of the Atlanta Housing Authority. Furthermore, the committee was
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
143
not solely advisory in nature because it consisted of two AHA commissioners and other AHA officials. The Court also
held that the committee could not hold a meeting required to be open and merely provide a videotape of the meeting. A
videotape of a meeting intended to be open to the public is not an adequate substitute for in-person access. Furthermore,
the Court noted that the committee waived its right to conduct a closed meeting by permitting the presence of other
members of the general public not affiliated with either the committee or the AHA.
Blackston v. State of Alabama
U.S. Court of Appeals, 11th Circuit
30 F.3d 117 (11th Cir. 1994)
The U.S. Court of Appeals held that Blackston could not be prohibited from recording a public meeting. The Court held
that the ability to record a public meeting impacted Blackston’s ability to obtain access and present information about
the committee and its proceedings and therefore it touched upon expressive conduct protected by the Free Speech
Clause of the First Amendment. According to the Court, the recording prohibition may be a “time, place, and manner”
restriction on expressive conduct that, if content-neutral, must be supported by a substantial government interest that
did not unreasonably limit alternative avenues of communication.
Beck v. Crisp County Zoning Board of Appeals
Georgia Court of Appeals
221 Ga. App. 801 (1996)
Neighboring landowners appealed the grant of a conditional use permit to Harold McCay, contending that the Zoning
Board of Appeals violated the open meetings law. The board held an advertised meeting where McCay’s request for an
airstrip was part of the published agenda, which included the following items:
1. HEARING—Request from Frankie Johnson for a conditional use permit
1a. Adjourn Public Hearing
2. HEARING—Request from Harold McCay for a conditional use permit
2a. Adjourn Public Hearing
3. DECISION & VOTE—Frankie Johnson
4. DECISION & VOTE—Harold McCay
5. Minutes—March 21, 1995
6. Old Business
7. New Business
8. Adjourn Meeting
After the board “adjourned” the public hearing portion of the meeting, the chair explained that the board would be
voting on the application later in the meeting and explained how the final decision could be obtained. Although the
board did not close the meeting or direct the landowners to leave, they left with the impression that the board had
closed the meeting. The landowners contended that closing a portion of the meeting to the public was a violation of the
open meetings law. The Court stated that there was no reason for the board to “adjourn” a public hearing. Further, the
Court concluded that the proceeding was really an “evidentiary hearing,” not a “public hearing,” that should have been
“concluded,” rather than “adjourned.” The Court held that the entire meeting should have been open to the public and
the action of the board to limit and expressly adjourn the public input portions of the meeting prior to the board’s decision
and vote on the matter was a violation of the open meetings law.
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Claxton Enterprise v. Evans County Board of Commissioners
George Court of Appeals
249 Ga. App. 870 (2001)
The Evans County Administrator contacted each member of the Evans County Board of Commissioners to discuss
changing the stated reason for closing a previously held meeting. At a subsequent meeting, without any public deliberation
or vote, the board announced that it had erred in stating the reasons for closing the earlier meeting. Although the Court
of Appeals believed that this implied that a “meeting” had been conducted among the members of the board, it found
that the county administrator discussing the issue one-on-one with the board members did not technically constitute a
“meeting” for purposes of the open meetings law because it occurred over a period of time and at no particular place.
However, the Court forecasted that a quorum of the commissioners could violate the open meetings law through “virtual
meetings” conducted in writing (i.e., by polling the commissioners in writing), by the telephone or over the computer.
Maxwell v. Carney
Georgia Supreme Court
273 Ga. 864 (2001)
The Brooks County Board of Commissioners held their regularly scheduled meeting in their regular meeting room in
the county administrative building. A large crowd of people attempted to attend the meeting, but the room was filled
beyond capacity. Although a larger room was available, the board refused to move the meeting. The trial court enjoined
the commissioners from conducting meetings in the county administrative building unless both the larger room and the
smaller meeting rooms were available for use. Furthermore, the trial court ruled that if a new meeting site was selected,
it must accommodate any member of the public who wished to attend. In addition, the trial court ruled that the public
notice of the meeting, which stated that the meeting would be held in the administration building, was legally sufficient,
regardless of which room of the building was utilized. The Georgia Supreme Court upheld the trial court’s order that
the commissioners conduct meetings in the larger meeting room when the regular meeting room was too small to
accommodate the public. However, recognizing the practical impossibility, the Court held that the commissioners could
not be required to provide adequate seating to all members of the public who desire to attend a meeting.
Slaughter v. Brown
Georgia Court of Appeals
269 Ga. App. 211 (2004)
The board of education held monthly meetings in its central office. It posted a notice of the new location for its regular
meetings. Thereafter, a special called meeting was held, which included notice of the new location. However, the
meeting was actually held at the former meeting location. The trial court found in favor of the taxpayers and awarded
them attorneys’ fees. On appeal, the court held that the trial court had correctly determined that the notice that was
posted gave an incorrect meeting place. In addition, the board was not saved by the provision allowing for meetings to be
held without proper 24-hour notice, so long as the reason for holding the meeting within 24 hours and the nature of the
notice was recorded in the minutes of the meeting. The board did not comply with said provisions and therefore violated
the Open Meetings Act. The board also challenged the award of attorneys’ fees because the board attempted to post
proper notice in two places and gave oral notice to the county’s legal organ. The Supreme Court had previously rejected
the argument that lack of bad faith provides evidence of “special circumstances” when considering an award of attorneys’
fees (see Claxton Enterprise v. Evans County, 249 Ga. App. 870). In addition, the board’s seemingly cavalier attitude
to their obligations under the Act supported the trial court’s determination that there was no substantial justification for
failing to comply with the notice provisions and no special circumstances that would justify the denial of attorneys’ fees.
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Lancaster v. Effingham County
Georgia Court of Appeals
273 Ga. App. 544 (2005)
Lancaster and other taxpayers filed suit against Effingham County and members of its board of commissioners, claiming
that the board took several unauthorized actions regarding the purchase and sale of land, the rezoning of property, and
the calling of meetings following the county’s acquisition of land in efforts to construct a new water treatment facility.
The Georgia Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s ruling in favor of the County, holding that the county’s purchase
and sale was not improper because a county has broad discretion in determining the manner and extent to which it
will acquire property for its use. The Court stated that County actions taken in good faith will not be disturbed by the
courts. Further, the county did not violate the requirements of the Open Meetings Act because it gave proper notice of
the meeting to amend the budget and there was no evidence that the board intentionally omitted the “general reserve
fund discussion” (the subject of one of the defendants’ complaints) from the agenda prior to the meeting for the purpose
of deceiving the public. The Court also held that the defendants did not have standing to challenge the rezoning of the
property because neither of them lived adjacent to the property nor would they be significantly affected by the change.
Bradley Plywood Corp. v. Mayor and Aldermen of Savannah
Georgia Court of Appeals
271 Ga. App. 828 (2005)
In three related cases, the plaintiff property owners brought suit that an ordinance providing for the annexation of their
properties was null and void because the ordinance was adopted at an improperly rescheduled meeting. The meeting
was held prior to the date on which it would normally have been held, December 25. The Georgia Court of Appeals
held it was unnecessary to decide if the Open Meetings Act precluded the city from rescheduling a regular meeting to an
earlier date because the meeting at which the ordinance was adopted was not rescheduled. It was noted on the official
notice of city government meetings that the meeting would not be held on its normal day because of the holiday. The
official notice stated that the meeting date would be scheduled. The meeting was held on the date scheduled.
EarthResources, LLC v. Morgan County et al.
Georgia Supreme Court
281 Ga. 396 (2006)
EarthResources sued Morgan County based upon the denial of its written verification of zoning compliances necessary
for a state permit to build a landfill. EarthResources claimed that the decision of the board at which the verification
was denied violated the Open Meetings Act. The appellant raised two issues: (1) notice of the meeting was insufficient
because the notice was posted at the regular meeting place, but the meeting was conducted at a different location; and
(2) the agenda for the meeting was posted at the wrong site. The Court held that the county properly posted the notice
in a timely fashion at the offices of the board of commissioners, which is designated as the regular meeting place, and
that the notice properly advised the public that the EarthResources meeting would be held at an alternative site. As to
the agenda for the meeting, it was available upon request at the office of the board and was posted on a bulletin board
there, but not at the alternative site. The court held that while not posting the agenda at the alternative site is a technical
violation of O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(e)(1), it was not substantial enough to rule in favor of EarthResources’ claim against
the county.
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Anti-Landfill Corporation, Inc., v. North American Metal Company
Georgia Court of Appeals
299 Ga. App. 509 (2009)
A citizens group brought suit on the basis that Ware County violated the Open Meetings Act by failing to provide notice
of a meeting to sign a lease agreement to operate a landfill with the North American Metal Company. The Court held
that the group’s claim was untimely and upheld the trial court’s decision to grant summary judgment in favor of North
American Metal Company.
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Closed Meetings/Exceptions to the
Open Meetings Act
GENERAL
Attorney General Opinion U98-3
1998 Op. Att’y Gen. No. U98-3
The Attorney General opined on several aspects of executive sessions and the open meetings law. First in determining
who may attend an executive session (in addition to the members of the board of commissioners), the board, on a case-
by-case basis, may include those individuals whose presence is consistent with the exception to the open meetings law
under which the executive session is held. Second, the Attorney General opined that an executive session may be held
in the middle of a regular public meeting, without advance notice of the executive session, provided that all conditions
for notice of the open meeting and that all conditions for closing the meeting are met. Third, with regard to personnel
matters, the Attorney General concluded that, although the board of commissioners may discuss the appointment of the
county attorney, county administrator, or county physician in closed session, the vote on the actual appointment must
be in an open session. Fourth, while deliberations to fill a vacancy on the board are required to be conducted in public,
deliberations to fill other openings related to the county may be discussed in closed session. Fifth, the Attorney General
confirmed that evidence relating to a disciplinary action of an employee must be given in an open session. Sixth, in
response to the question of whether hospital authorities’ “strategic planning sessions” conducted pursuant to O.C.G.A.
§ 31-7-75.2 must be conducted in open session, the Attorney General responded that hospital authorities and private
hospital corporations through which hospital authorities carry out their official responsibilities are subject to the open
meetings law and “may meet in closed session when ‘discussing the granting, restriction, or revocation of staff privileges
or the granting of abortions under state or federal law’ O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(5).” Seventh, the open meetings law does
require that the official minutes of an open meeting reflect the specific reasons for closure of the meeting, the names
of the individuals present, the vote on the motion to close the meeting, and minutes in the case of meeting closed to
discuss acquisition of real estate. Finally, all votes must be taken in public.
ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE
Claxton Enterprise v. Evans County Board of Commissioners
Georgia Court of Appeals
249 Ga. App. 870 (2001)
The Evans County Board of Commissioners closed a meeting to discuss “potential litigation,” after an individual
threatened to “take all legal means necessary” to recover money that he believed the county owed him. However, the
county’s attorney was not present at the closed meeting. The Georgia Court of Appeals held that, in order to close a
meeting to discuss potential litigation with the county attorney under the attorney-client privilege exception to the open
meetings law, the Court held that the “mere fear or suspicion of being sued” is not “potential litigation” sufficient to
close a meeting. The Court opined that factors that a board can consider when determining whether there is a real
and tangible threat of a lawsuit include (1) something in writing, such as a formal demand letter, that presents a claim
against the county and indicates a sincere intent to sue; (2) previous or pre-existing litigation between the county and
the other party or proof of ongoing litigation on similar claims; or (3) proof that the other party has hired an attorney and
expressed an intent to sue. The Court also noted that the county attorney was not present at the executive session where
the attorney-client privileges were invoked. Presumably the county attorney, or other legal counsel, must be present in
order to rely on this exception since O.C.G.A. § 50-14-2(1) authorizes executive sessions to “consult and meet with legal
counsel” pertaining to pending or threatened litigation.
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Decatur County v. Bainbridge Post Searchlight, Inc.
Georgia Supreme Court
280 Ga. 706 (2006)
Bainbridge Post Searchlight, Inc. (Newspaper) brought this action against Decatur County for violations of the Open
Records Act (O.C.G.A. § 50-18-70 et seq.) and the Open Meetings Act (O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1 et seq.). The grand
jury forwarded presentments to the county attorney that questioned the propriety of the manner in which the county
commissioners handled vacation and overtime policies applicable to county employees. The presentments were then
discussed in a closed session of the county commissioners and the county attorney. The chair submitted an affidavit that
the subject matter of the discussion was devoted to matters covered by an unspecified exception to the Open Meetings
Act. The newspaper made two requests for the documents mentioned in the meetings and was denied both times. This
action then ensued. The trial court found that the county commissioners violated the Open Meetings Act by conducting
the closed session and the Open Records Act by refusing to comply with the request for the presentments. The county
claimed attorney-client privilege as the basis for the closed meeting. On appeal, the Court observed that there was no
pending litigation or threatened litigation. The presentments merely questioned the practices of the commissioners and
thus the county commissioners did not qualify under the attorney-client exception. Additionally, any confidentiality that
might have attached to the presentments was lost when the presentments were released by the district attorney to
the county attorney for comment. The Court affirmed the County’s violation of the Open Records Act and an award of
attorneys’ fees.
PERSONNEL MATTERS
Attorney General Opinion U95-15
1995 Op. Att’y Gen. No. U95-15
The Attorney General opined that a school board may not go into a closed session to hear complaints about school
personnel from teachers, union representatives, parents, or other members of the public. Grievances to the school
board about school personnel by interested members of the public must be done in a public meeting. Furthermore, any
evidence or argument presented with regard to an inquiry into the actions of personnel must occur in an open meeting.
The school board may close a meeting to discuss and deliberate disciplinary action or dismissal, but not merely for a
general exchange of information about a particular event.
Moon v. Terrell County
Georgia Court of Appeals
249 Ga. App. 567 (2001)
The Terrell County Board of Commissioners received a memo from the Department of Corrections (DOC) stating that Moon,
an employee of the Terrell County Correctional Institution (CI), had twice failed to appear for a polygraph examination
in connection with a DOC investigation and was no longer permitted to have contact with the state prisoners housed
at the CI. The board held a special called meeting with Moon and the acting warden of the CI to discuss whether to
terminate Moon. When the board gave Moon the option of continuing in open session or going into closed session, Moon
chose the closed session. After the closed session, the board voted to accept Moon’s resignation. Moon alleged that the
board violated the open meetings law, which allows the board of commissioners to go into executive session to discuss
or deliberate upon the dismissal of a public officer or employee, but requires that the board receive evidence or hear
arguments on charges filed against a public employee in an open session. The Court of Appeals held that consideration of
the DOC memo in a closed session was in violation of the open meetings law because it constituted “receiving evidence
or hearing charges filed to determine disciplinary action or dismissal of a public officer or employee.” Additionally, the
Court further found that Moon could not elect to close a meeting that should have been open.
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MINUTES
Claxton Enterprise v. Evans County Board of Commissioners
Georgia Court of Appeals
249 Ga. App. 870 (2001)
The Georgia Court of Appeals held that meeting minutes and executive session affidavits must be recorded and made
open to public inspection no later than the next regular meeting of the board of commissioners.
Moon v. Terrell County
Georgia Court of Appeals
249 Ga. App. 567 (2001)
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-4 requires that minutes of an open meeting reflect the names of those commissioners who vote to
close a meeting. O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(2) generally provides that it is presumed that an action taken was approved by
each person in attendance unless the minutes reflect the name of person voting against the proposal or abstaining. The
Georgia Court of Appeals held that, when a board votes to go into executive session, the minutes of the open meeting
must specifically state the names of each of the board members present and voting to close the meeting.
FAILURE TO COMPLY
Atlanta Airmotive Inc. v. Royal
Georgia Court of Appeals
214 Ga. App. 760 (1994)
The Newnan-Coweta Airport Authority terminated a lease agreement with Atlanta Airmotive Inc. Airmotive alleged that,
because the termination of the lease occurred in a meeting that was allegedly in violation of the open meetings law,
the action was outside the scope of the authority members’ official duties, and therefore, the authority could not assert
sovereign immunity as a defense. However, the Court of Appeals held that the action terminating the lease was within
the scope of the authority members’ official duties and subject to sovereign immunity, even if the meeting was held in
violation of the open meetings law.
Davis v. Shavers
Georgia Supreme Court
263 Ga. 785 (1994)
Actions taken in an illegally closed meeting were listed as grounds for a recall application. The Supreme Court of Georgia
noted that holding a closed meeting may be grounds for recall if the circumstances of the official’s participation in the
meeting come within the definition of “grounds for recall.” O.C.G.A. § 21-4-3(7) establishes “grounds for recall” as an
act of malfeasance or misconduct, a violation of oath of office, a failure to perform duties prescribed by law or a willful
misuse, conversion, or misappropriation of public property or funds.
May v. County Commissioners of Glascock County
Georgia Court of Appeals
227 Ga. App. 878 (1997)
This case arose when Glascock County awarded a contract to L. A. Brett & Sons, Inc. to construct a fire station in front
of May’s house. The contract was awarded in a meeting that did not have the date, time, or location of the meeting
conspicuously posted. Initially, the trial court halted all work on the project until the commissioner complied with the
open meetings law. The commissioners advertised for bids and published notice of a special meeting to award the bid.
In the special meeting, the commissioners awarded the contract to the highest bidder, L. A. Brett & Sons, Inc., because
that was the only responsive bid submitted. Additionally, the commissioners amended the budget to transfer capital
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into a special account for the construction of the fire station. May sought to prevent the construction of the firehouse
alleging that (1) the commissioners violated the open meetings law in the subsequent special called meeting; (2) the
commissioners interfered with competition by awarding the bid to the highest bidder; and (3) the commissioners were
not authorized to amend the budget without evidence of an unforeseeable factual change in circumstances. The Court
rejected May’s claims, holding that (1) the commissioners complied with the open meetings law and substantially
complied with applicable public works bidding requirements; (2) May failed to present evidence that the commissioners
interfered with the public works bidding process; and (3) May failed to provide evidence that changing governmental
needs did not justify the budget amendment.
ATTORNEYS’ FEES
Evans County Board of Commissioners v. Claxton Enterprise
Georgia Court of Appeals
255 Ga. App. 656 (2002)
After Claxton Enterprise sued the Evans County Board of Commissioners for improperly holding closed meetings, the
Georgia Court of Appeals held that the county was required to pay the Claxton Enterprise attorneys’ fees for both the trial
and appeal of the case.
Moon v. Terrell County
Georgia Court of Appeals
260 Ga. App. 433 (2003)
This action arose out of an earlier case where the Court of Appeals held that the county did violate the Open Meetings Act
by hearing evidence in a closed meeting on a personnel matter (see Moon v. Terrell, 249 Ga. App. 657). The appellate
court found no error in the trial court’s denial of Moon’s claim for attorneys’ fees, stating that even though the county
could not have legally closed the meeting, there was evidence that the plaintiff requested that the meeting be closed and
the commissioners complied out of concern for plaintiff’s privacy. The Court held that since there was some evidence to
support the trial court’s determination that the commission acted with substantial justification, the trial court’s decision
to deny attorneys’ fees was not clearly erroneous.
Slaughter v. Brown
Georgia Court of Appeals
2004 Ga. App. 211 (2004)
The board of education held monthly meetings in its central office. It posted a notice as to a new location for its regular
meetings. Thereafter, a special called meeting was held, notice of which indicated that it was to be held at the new
location. However, the meeting was actually held at the former meeting location. The trial court found in favor of the
taxpayers and awarded them attorneys’ fees. On appeal, the court held that the trial court had correctly determined
that the notice that was posted gave an incorrect meeting place. In addition, the board was not saved by the provision
allowing for meetings to be held without proper 24-hour notice so long as the reason for holding the meeting within
24 hours and the nature of the notice was recorded in the minutes of the meeting. The board did not comply with said
provisions and therefore violated the Open Meetings Act. The board also challenged the award of attorneys’ fees because
the board attempted to post proper notice in two places and gave oral notice to the county’s legal organ. The Supreme
Court had previously rejected the argument that lack of bad faith provides evidence of “special circumstances” when
considering an award of attorneys’ fees (see Claxton Enterprise v. Evans County, 249 Ga. App. 870). In addition, the
board’s seemingly cavalier attitude to their obligations under the Act supported the trial court’s determination that there
was no substantial justification for failing to comply with the notice provisions and no special circumstances that would
justify the denial of attorneys’ fees.
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City of Statesboro v. Dabbs
Georgia Supreme Court
289 Ga. 669 (2011)
The city had closed meetings regarding the budget and did not post proper notice or minutes. They were found in
violation of the open meetings law. The city appealed the trial court’s grant of attorneys’ fees, arguing that there was not
proper ante litem notice that the fees would be sought. The court held that the open meetings law authorizes attorneys’
fees and the municipal ante litem notice only applies in tort cases. The fees were properly awarded.
*Note: The ante litem notice discussed in this case is for municipal governments only. County notice is addressed in
O.C.G.A. § 36-11-1.
REMEDIES
Wiggins v. Board of Commissioners
Georgia Court of Appeals
258 Ga. App. 666 (2002)
The trial court granted temporary and permanent injunctions ordering the county board of commissioners to comply with
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1 et seq., the open meetings law, in the future. The appellate court reversed, saying that the board
already had a duty to obey the law, and the complaint for injunctive relief is not available to compel compliance going
forward.
City of Statesboro v. Dabbs
Georgia Supreme Court
289 Ga. 669 (2011)
After being found to have violated the open meetings law, the city appealed arguing that the trial court erred in ordering
that substitute meetings and hearings should be held. The court held that the court has the right to grant injunctive or
equitable relief per O.C.G.A. § 50-14-5(a). The trial court did not err in granting substitute meetings and hearings.
Gravitt v. Olens
Georgia Court of Appeals
333 Ga. App. 484 (2015)
The Attorney General (AG) brought a civil action under O.C.G.A. 50-14-5 to enforce the Open Meetings Act (OMA)
against a mayor and city council for refusing to let a member of the public attend and videotape a city council meeting.
The trial court denied the city’s motion for summary judgment on the basis of sovereign and official immunity; granted
summary judgment to the AG on the OMA claim; and imposed civil penalties and attorneys’ fees against the city. The
Court of Appeals affirmed in part and reversed in part. First, there is no merit to the city’s contention that sovereign
immunity bars an action against it to enforce an OMA claim brought by the AG. In ruling that it was not creating a
judicial exception to sovereign immunity, the Court held that because the city derives its sovereign immunity from the
state, and because the state’s own immunity cannot be asserted against the state, the city had no immunity which
could be asserted to bar the state’s enforcement claim. The Court noted that the trial court relied on other reasoning to
conclude that sovereign immunity did not apply here, and indicated that it would affirm the trial court nonetheless under
the ‘right for any reason’ rule. Second, to the extent that the mayor took action which negligently violated the OMA, his
actions were ministerial, and he was not entitled to official immunity. The third point involves statutory construction. The
OMA does not define ‘person’. O.C.G.A. 1-3-3 does define the term to include a ‘corporation’. However, when looking
at the OMA as a whole, it is clear the legislature did not intend a ‘person’, within the meaning of the OMA, to include
a municipal corporation or any other kind of corporation. Hence, the trial court’s ruling which allowed the imposition of
civil penalties against the city under O.C.G.A. 50-14-6 was error.
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Open Records
Court Decisions and
Attorney General Opinions
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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Open Records Court Decisions and
Attorney General Opinion Summaries
COVERED AGENCIES
Clayton County Hospital v. Webb
Georgia Court of Appeals
208 Ga. App. 91 (1993)
The Court of Appeals held that the Clayton County Hospital Authority records were subject to the Open Records Act
because the authority is a governmental entity created pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 31-7-70 et seq. The requested documents
pertained to an application to the State Health Planning Agency for a certificate of need to build a hospital. Under
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-70(e), a party in an administrative proceeding may not access public records pertaining to the subject
of the proceeding without the prior approval of the presiding administrative law judge.* The case was sent back to the
trial court to determine whether the party requesting the authority’s records acted as an individual or on behalf of a party
to the certificate of need proceeding.
*Under the current law, this code section has been removed. However, legal conclusions found in administrative
proceedings are exempted from the open records law as attorney-client privilege under O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(41).
The remaining law is applicable.
Hackworth v. Board of Education for the City of Atlanta
Georgia Court of Appeals
214 Ga. App. 17 (1994)
Hackworth, a producer at an Atlanta television station, requested personnel records from Laidlaw Transit, Inc., a
company that contracted with the Board of Education to furnish school bus drivers. The Georgia Court of Appeals held
that, although Laidlaw was a private company, the records were subject to disclosure under the Open Records Act.
Because Laidlaw maintained the personnel records on behalf of the board in furtherance of the contract to provide safe
transportation to students, the records were subject to public inspection.
Central Atlanta Progress, Inc. v. Baker
Georgia Court of Appeals
278 Ga. App. 733 (2006)
These appeals involve the Open Records Act and the refusal of Central Atlanta Progress, Inc., (CAP) and the Metropolitan
Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, Inc. (MACOC) to permit the Atlanta Journal-Constitution (AJC) to inspect their bids
for the NASCAR Hall of Fame and the 2009 Super Bowl game. Bothe MACOC and CAP refused to disclose the bids,
arguing that because the bids were prepared neither by nor on behalf of public agencies, the documents were not
subject to disclosure under the Act. The Open Records Act was enacted in the public interest to protect the public from
“closed door” politics and the potential abuse of individuals and misuse of power such policies entail. Therefore, the
Act must be broadly construed to affect its remedial and protective purposes. The intent of the General Assembly was
to encourage public access to information and to promote confidence in government through openness to the public.
It is undisputed that the NASCAR bid involved the use of public funds and the future expenditure of substantial public
resources. The president of CAP testified that CAP hoped to receive $25 million from the state “in whatever form,” and,
furthermore, public officials and employees participated in the preparation and promotion of the bid. The Super Bowl
game bid committee also included numerous public officials, including Georgia’s governor, Atlanta’s mayor, and the
general manager of the Georgia Dome, and there was evidence that the bid required the future use of public resources
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to be effective and that public entities would provide millions of dollars in “in-kind” services for the Super Bowl. For
example, the City of Atlanta pledged to provide additional police, fire, and other services for the event, at an estimated
cost of $1.4 million. Thus, there was sufficient evidence that the corporations were acting “for or on behalf of” public
offices or agencies and the Georgia Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s judgment in disclosing records relating to
the bids.
DUTY OF THE RECORDS CUSTODIAN
Trammell v. Martin
Georgia Court of Appeals
200 Ga. App. 435 (1991)
An individual made the following open records request to a county without asking for the opportunity to inspect the
documents prior to copying: “Detailed statement of all billing to the county for legal services rendered by the law firm
of Foster & Foster and any other billing to the county by any other person or firm for fiscal year ending June 30, 1990.”
In response, the county copied 235 pages of documents pertaining to bills submitted by Foster & Foster and 5,364
pages for all other legal bills submitted to the county, including those for indigent defense. The individual was charged
nearly $2,300 in copying charges. Although the Court of Appeals acknowledged that the individual was responsible for
reasonable copying costs, the Court held that the county did not use the most economical means for providing copies
of the requested information. Also, the county had previously advised the individual that it would charge $90 per hour
for an attorney to review the requested documents prior to release to determine whether any of the material was exempt
from the Open Records Act. The Court held that the Act does not allow the county to charge for the time that an attorney
reviews the requested documents to determine whether the documents are exempt from disclosure.
Attorney General Opinion 93-27
1993 Op. Att’y Gen. No. 93-27
In the opinion of the Attorney General, even individuals who are not citizens of the State of Georgia are entitled to access
documents under the open records law.
Felker v. Lukemire
Georgia Supreme Court
267 Ga. 296 (1996)
A death row inmate and his attorney sent various open records requests to the Houston County district attorney, requesting
the opportunity to view all records pertaining to his case, as well as the files of two other persons. The district attorney’s
office complied with the requests. The inmate filed suit requesting that certain video and audiotapes be released pursuant
to the Open Records Act. Although the district attorney responded that the tapes were available for inspection, the
inmate’s attorney did not take the opportunity to inspect the tapes. In an appeal to the Supreme Court of Georgia, the
inmate contended that the district attorney did not comply with the open records request because only one box of files
was produced prior to the filing of the suit and that the district attorney made no attempt to locate other files on the
inmate and the other persons contained in the request. The Court held that it is not the duty of the district attorney
to locate, produce, and inspect all requested files himself or to comb through all the files. The custodian of records,
pursuant to the Open Records Act, must only provide reasonable access to the requested files. In the instant case, the
district attorney complied by notifying the inmate and the inmate’s attorney that the records would be made available
for inspection and copying.
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Schulten, Ward & Turner, L.L.P. v. Fulton-DeKalb Hospital Authority
Georgia Supreme Court
272 Ga. 725 (2000)
Schulten, Ward & Turner made an open records request for five years of collection claims for medical goods or services
asserted against a Medicare beneficiary or liability insurer where the Fulton-DeKalb Hospital Authority received payments
in excess of the amount allowed by Medicare other than payments for deductibles, co-insurance, and non-covered
charges. Because the authority did not have an automated or “batch” program to routinely compile and print such
records in a single report, the Supreme Court held that the authority was not in violation of the Open Records Act. The
law does not require agencies to create or compile records that do not exist.
Jaraysi et al. v. City of Marietta
Georgia Court of Appeals
294 Ga. App. 6 (2008)
Property owners who had begun but not completed construction of a building in Marietta made an open records request
for all documents related to their property after the City of Marietta filed an action in municipal court to have the partially
constructed building demolished. The city waited nearly one month before verbally informing the property owners’
attorney that “the request was pretrial discovery and … since the Demolition Action was a criminal matter, pretrial
discovery was not permitted.” In the open records action, the city merely cited O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72 as authority for the
exemption. Because the city did not provide the denial of the open records request in writing with a properly cited open
records exemption (i.e., that included the code section, subsection and paragraph) within three business days of the
open records request, the Court of Appeals found in favor of the property owners.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Hardaway Company v. Rives
Georgia Supreme Court
262 Ga. 631 (1992)
According to the Georgia Supreme Court, when examining an open records case, the first inquiry is whether the requested
documents are public records. Second, if the documents are public records, the court must determine whether the
records are exempt from disclosure. The Court held that any statutory exemption to the Open Records Act must be
narrowly construed.
Smith v. DeKalb County et al.
Georgia Court of Appeals
288 Ga. App. 574 (2007)
After a requestor sought election documents from DeKalb County under the Open Records Act, the Secretary of State
sought a permanent injunction preventing the county from releasing a CD-ROM containing the requested documents.
The CD-ROM contained passwords, encryption codes, and other security information, which could compromise election
security. The custodian of the CD-ROM created by an election superintendent had to maintain it under seal following
the election for at least 24 months, unless otherwise directed by a superior court. In this case, the superior court had
not ordered that the seal be lifted, so the records were properly exempted from the Open Records Act under O.C.G.A.
§ 50-18-72(a)(25)(A)(iv). Although the requestor argued that the state could copy the CD-ROM without including
such information, O.C.G.A. § 50-18-70(j) provided that an agency was not required to create records that were not in
existence at the time of the request.
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Griffin Industry, Inc. v. Georgia Department of Agriculture
Georgia Court of Appeals
313 Ga. App. 69 (2011)
Griffin Industry, Inc., requested the Department of Agriculture’s e-mail correspondence concerning Griffin over
a two-year period. The Department only produced three e-mails. The Department apparently had deleted any
other e-mails. While it was possible that there may still be some e-mails responsive to the request on 31 backup
tapes, it was estimated that the cost to pull all of the data and restore it to the e-mail server would range from
$37,000 to $2.8 million in a laborious and time-intensive procedure involving hardware and software changes. The
Court of Appeals held that the requested records did not exist and the Department did not have to re-create them.
Chua v. Johnson
Georgia Court of Appeals
336 Ga. App. 298 (2016)
A convicted felon sought to require a district attorney to provide a copy of a specific document under an open records
request that was related to a criminal prosecution. The district attorney responded timely and set forth the legal basis for
denial as attorney work product. However, the district attorney failed to include the citation to the applicable exemption
as required by O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71. This technical failure did not automatically entitle the requestor to the document.
The trial court would have to conduct an evidentiary hearing to determine the status of the document.
COPYING CHARGES AND ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS
Trammell v. Martin
Georgia Court of Appeals
200 Ga. App. 435 (1991)
An individual made the following open records request to a county without asking for the opportunity to inspect the
documents prior to copying: “Detailed statement of all billing to the county for legal services rendered by the law firm
of Foster & Foster and any other billing to the county by any other person or firm for fiscal year ending June 30, 1990.”
In response, the county copied 235 pages of documents pertaining to bills submitted by Foster & Foster and 5,364
pages for all other legal bills submitted to the county, including those for indigent defense. The individual was charged
nearly $2,300 in copying charges. Although the Court of Appeals acknowledged that the individual was responsible for
reasonable copying costs, the Court held that the county did not use the most economical means for providing copies of
requested information. Also, the county had previously advised the individual that it would charge $90 per hour for an
attorney to review the requested documents prior to release to determine whether any of the material was exempt from
the Open Records Act. The Court held that the Open Records Act does not allow the county to charge for the time that
an attorney reviews the requested documents to determine whether the documents are exempt from disclosure.
McBride v. Wetherington
Georgia Court of Appeals
199 Ga. App. 7 (1991)
McBride, an inmate, filed a pauper’s affidavit requesting that the 25¢ per page copying fee for files that he requested
under the Open Records Act be waived. However, the Georgia Court of Appeals held that the open records law does not
require that the copy charges be waived when a pauper’s affidavit is filed.
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McFrugal Rental of Riverdale, Inc. v. Garr
Georgia Supreme Court
262 Ga. 369 (1992)
McFrugal sought inspection of the minutes of the meetings of the Riverdale city council. The city manager agreed to
allow the inspection upon the payment of a $13.62 per hour fee to cover the cost of a temporary employee to supervise
McFrugal. The Supreme Court acknowledged that the Open Records Act authorizes charging of fees for access to public
records. However, because such fees constitute a burden on the public’s right of access, the fee authorization must be
narrowly construed to allow the imposition of fees only when a citizen seeking access requests copies of documents or
requests action by the custodian that involves an unusual administrative cost or burden. Thus, a fee may not be imposed
when a citizen seeks only to inspect records that are routinely subject to public inspection, such as deeds, ordinances,
or zoning maps. Furthermore, the records custodian must bear the burden of demonstrating the reasonableness of any
fee imposed.
Powell v. VonCanon
Georgia Court of Appeals
219 Ga. App. 840 (1996)
VonCanon filed an open records request for certain real estate records held in the offices of the county commissioner,
the tax commissioner, the tax assessor and the superior court clerk. Although the county officials agreed that VonCanon
was entitled to the documents, there was disagreement over how much could be charged for responding to the request.
Ordinarily, under the Open Records Act, the county may only charge the actual cost of the computer disk or tape on
to which the information is transferred and the hourly wage of the lowest-paid, full-time employee who is capable of
responding to the request with no charge for the first 15 minutes of work. However, the Court recognized that another
statute, O.C.G.A. § 15-6-96 authorizes the superior court clerk to charge more than the actual cost.
Georgia Emission Testing Company v. Reheis
Georgia Court of Appeals
268 Ga. App. 560 (2004)
Georgia Emission Testing Company (GETCo) made an Open Records Act request to the Environmental Protection Division
of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (EPD) and the Department of Revenue (DOR) for information related
to emissions testing. In response, the defendant answered that a single report containing the requested information did
not exist. They offered to provide electronic access to the requested records by downloading tables from the database to
CD’s. GETCo made a second request through discovery in related lawsuit with EPD and DOR. The director responded
by stating that responding to the request would require an outside contractor to design and create a special report.
Estimates of the report amounted to over $13,000 and involved generating data, collecting the data, and providing
a printed report. The trial court ordered the requested report to be produced and ordered the cost of generating and
producing the report to be split between the parties. On appeal, the Court found that since the requested report was
relevant to the issue of possible damages, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ordering the report to be produced.
However, on the issue of splitting costs, the court reversed requiring the parties to split discovery costs.
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Exceptions to the Open Records Act
ATTORNEY-CLIENT PRIVILEGE
Bogle v. McClure
U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit
332 F.3d 1347 (2003)
A memorandum was prepared by counsel for Fulton County and sent to two of the appellants providing legal advice
regarding personnel organization. The document was not designated either “privileged” or “confidential.” An action
concerning race discrimination with a public library system was brought. The issue arose whether the memorandum
was privileged. The Court noted that the party invoking the attorney-client privilege has the burden of proving that
an attorney-client relationship existed and that the particular communications were confidential. To determine if a
particular communication is confidential and protected by the attorney-client privilege, the privilege holder must prove
the communication was (1) intended to remain confidential and (2) under the circumstances was reasonably expected
and understood to be confidential. In admitting the memorandum, the district court found that the memorandum might
or might not have fallen with the attorney-client privilege exemption to the Open Records Act. Nonetheless, in upholding
the trial court’s decision, the 11th Circuit agreed that the fact that the memorandum was arguably a public record under
the Open Records Act buttressed the district court’s ruling and supported the notion that it was not reasonable to assume
that the memorandum was confidential.
Decatur County v. Bainbridge Post Searchlight, Inc.
Georgia Supreme Court
289 Ga. 706 (2006)
The Decatur County Grand Jury forwarded presentments to the county attorney questioning how the county commissioners
handled vacation and overtime for their employees. The commissioners met with their county attorney to discuss the
grand jury presentments. The executive session affidavit stated that the closed session was devoted to matters covered
by an unspecified exception to the Open Meetings Act. The Bainbridge Post Searchlight, Inc., a local newspaper made
two requests for the grand jury presentments discussed in the meetings and was denied both times. The county claimed
attorney-client privilege as the basis for the closed meeting. On appeal, the Court observed that there was no pending
litigation or threatened litigation. The presentments merely questioned the practices of the commissioners and thus the
county commissioners did not qualify under the attorney-client exception. The Court affirmed the county’s violation of
the Open Records Act.
ATTORNEY WORK PRODUCT
Hall v. Madison
Georgia Supreme Court
263 Ga. 73 (1993)
The Supreme Court of Georgia noted that the request for the district attorney’s voir dire notes were attorney work product
falling within an exception to the Open Records Act.
Fulton DeKalb Hospital Authority v. Miller & Billips
Georgia Court of Appeals
293 Ga. App. 601 (2008)
A law firm sued a hospital authority pursuant to the Open Records Act seeking disclosure of allegedly public records
maintained by the authority. The firm sought access to all records relating to an internal investigation into allegations of
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sexual misconduct by authority employees. The authority supplied some records but withheld tape-recorded interviews,
interview notes, and in-house attorney’s final report to the general counsel, citing that these records fell within the
attorney work product doctrine and were exempt from disclosure. Under the attorney work product doctrine, documents
and other tangible things prepared by or for a party by an attorney in anticipation of litigation or for trial do not have to
be disclosed. The Court reasoned that reasonable grounds must exist to believe that litigation is probable. The Court of
Appeals found that the investigation was not done in preparation for probable litigation. It held that the investigation
constituted a routine review of complaint allegations and was no different from investigations ordinarily conducted by
the authority’s security department, thus the records were subject to disclosure. The fact that an attorney was present
during the investigation did not make the reports from the investigation “attorney work product.”
INVASION OF PRIVACY
Richmond County Hospital Authority v. Southeastern Newspaper Corp.
Georgia Supreme Court
252 Ga. 19 (1984)
A newspaper made an open records request for certain information about hospital employees earning more than $28,000
annually. The Supreme Court held that names, salaries, and job titles must be disclosed under the Open Records Act.
The release of such information did not constitute an invasion of privacy.
Dortch v. Atlanta Journal & Atlanta Constitution et al.
Georgia Supreme Court
261 Ga. 350 (1991)
The Atlanta Journal and the Atlanta Constitution made an open records request to obtain access to all 1990 cellular
telephone bills paid by the City of Atlanta. The city complied, but deleted all telephone numbers called from city
cellular telephones, as well as the numbers assigned to the city cellular telephones. The Supreme Court held that the
telephone numbers should have been released. The publication of unlisted numbers by the city did not constitute the
tort of invasion of privacy. Additionally, the court rejected the argument that the deletions were necessary to avoid the
prohibitive expense of having the public call officials on the cellular telephones because the Open Records Act allowed
for no such exemption.
Fincher v. State
Georgia Court of Appeals
231 Ga. App. 49 (1998)
Following an investigation of claims that Fincher sexually harassed a co-worker, the State Board of Pardons and Paroles
released documents used in the investigation that were contained in Fincher’s personnel file. The Court found that
the documents were public records and did not violate Fincher’s privacy. The public’s interest in disclosure of a public
employee’s alleged improper activities in the performance of his job outweighed Fincher’s interest in nondisclosure.
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Joseph Gooden v. Pat Carson and Forsyth County
U.S. District Court Northern District of Georgia
2006 U.S. Dist. Lexis 28838 (2006)
After Gooden was fired from Forsyth County for failing a drug test, he appealed his termination to the Forsyth County Civil
Service Board. The board held a closed meeting and upheld the termination. After Gooden’s termination, Forsyth County
received an open records request from a private citizen and the press for materials related to Gooden’s termination,
which were released by the county. Gooden sued the human resources director and Forsyth County claiming that they
violated federal law by disclosing the results of his drug test, private personnel information, and an audiotape of his
closed hearing. The Court held that the information released by the county was not exempted by the Open Records Act.
Since the records relating to the employment investigation were not released to the public prior to the conclusion of that
investigation, their release by the county was proper and did not constitute an invasion of privacy.
LAND ACQUISITION
Black v. Georgia Department of Transportation
Georgia Supreme Court
262 Ga. 342 (1992)
The Supreme Court held that appraisals made by the Department of Transportation (DOT) of property to be condemned
are exempt from the open records requirement until the property is “acquired.” The Court held that the DOT “acquires”
the property for purposes of the Open Records Act only after litigation involving condemnation proceedings is complete.
LAW ENFORCEMENT
Kilgore v. R.W. Page Corporation
Georgia Supreme Court
261 Ga. 410 (1991)
The Supreme Court held that a coroner’s inquest must be open to the public, rejecting the coroner’s contention that the
inquest could be closed because it involved a pending criminal investigation. The Court opined that because the coroner
has no law enforcement authority and is not a law enforcement agent, the coroner’s inquest is not exempt from the open
meetings law.
McBride v. Wetherington
Georgia Court of Appeals
199 Ga. App. 7 (1991)
McBride filed a written open records request for the investigatory files of the crimes for which he had been convicted. The
day following receipt of the request, the chief of police informed McBride that disclosure of the records was not required
because there was continuing litigation in the case. The Court of Appeals found no evidence that the chief deliberately
denied access to the records. Once the investigation was concluded, the chief offered to provide the requested copies at
25¢ per page, even though the inmate filed a pauper’s affidavit requesting that the fee be waived. However, the Court
held that the open records law does not require that the copy charges be waived when a pauper’s affidavit is filed.
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Doe v. Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia
Georgia Court of Appeals
215 Ga. App. 684 (1994)
Doe filed a rape incident report with the University of Georgia police department. The Court of Appeals held that, while
the incident report could be released under the Open Records Act, Doe’s name and identity must be redacted. The
release of Doe’s name was protected by the rape victim confidentiality statute, O.C.G.A. § 16-6-23. The Court refused
to accept the trial court’s conclusion that the rape victim confidentiality statute did not apply because Doe’s allegations
of rape were false.
Lebis v. State
Georgia Court of Appeals
212 Ga. App. 481 (1994)
The Court of Appeals held that, unlike arrest and incident reports, the investigative notes of law enforcement officers and
prosecuting attorneys are exempt from disclosure under the open records law.
Atlanta Journal & Constitution v. City of Brunswick
Georgia Supreme Court
265 Ga. 413 (1995)
The Supreme Court of Georgia held that the Atlanta Journal and Constitution and the Florida Times-Union could have
limited access to certain police reports of sexual assaults in the City of Brunswick, holding that the Open Records Act
did not require full disclosure of the police incident reports if disclosure would reveal confidential information or endanger
lives. While the act requires disclosure of initial incident and police reports, it exempts portions of police records that
would disclose confidential sources or information endangering individuals.
Athens Newspapers, LLC v. Unified Government of Athens-Clarke County
Georgia Supreme Court
284 Ga. 192 (2008)
An Athens newspaper requested the police records of an unsolved rape and murder case from 1992. The county denied
the request, claiming that the investigation was pending. The Supreme Court held that the records were still considered
part of a pending investigation and thus subject to the statutory exemption in the Open Records Act. The Court placed
strong emphasis on the fact that “sensitive information, such as the details of a crime … should be kept confidential
until the case is solved.”
Media General Operations, Inc. v. St. Lawrence
Georgia Court of Appeals
337 Ga. App. 428 (2016)
A suspect died while in the custody of the sheriff. Following investigation into the matter, nine deputies were fired and two
were indicted. A TV station then submitted an open records request under O.C.G.A. § 50-18-70 for records pertaining
to the deceased inmate. The sheriff refused the request asserting the ‘on-going criminal investigation’ exemption from
disclosure under O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(4). The TV station asserted that the exemption did not apply to an agency that
was itself the subject of the investigation. The sheriff and the district attorney filed a declaratory judgment action seeking
a declaration that the records were exempt. The trial court issued the declaration. The Court of Appeals affirmed. The
agency here, the sheriff’s office, was not under investigation. Rather, individuals were. Agency is not synonymous with
employees so the exemption applies.
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TRADE SECRETS
Attorney General Opinion 89-35
1989 Op. Att’y Gen. No. 89-35
Information provided to the Department of Community Affairs in connection with the Community Development Block
Grant Program is not exempt from disclosure unless such information constitutes a trade secret.
Douglas Asphalt Co. v. E.R. Snell Contractor, Inc.
Georgia Court of Appeals
282 Ga. App. 546 (2006)
E.R. Snell Contractor, Inc. brought action seeking to stop the Department of Transportation (DOT) from releasing certain
documents to Douglas Asphalt Co. in response to Douglas Asphalt’s Open Records Act request. The Court found that
E.R. Snell’s asphalt formulas requested by Douglas Asphalt did constitute a trade secret because the formulas were not
readily ascertainable or easy to duplicate independently, The Court also rejected Douglas Asphalt’s contention that the
formulas did not fall under the Open Records Act exemption. Douglas Asphalt argued that E.R. Snell was not “required
by law” to submit the formulas because the voluntarily contracted with DOT. The Court instead held that, while E.R.
Snell was not required to enter into the contract, once they did, they were required by law to submit their formulas to
DOT; therefore, the exemption applied.
United Healthcare of Georgia, Inc. v. Georgia Department of Community Health
Georgia Court of Appeals
293 Ga. App. 84 (2008)
The South Georgia Physician’s Association and the Medical Association of Georgia made an open records request for
certain records held by the Department of Community Health (DCH) and United Healthcare of Georgia, its third-party
administrator that administered the State Health Benefit Plan (SHBP). The request was for all fee schedules for SHBP
and all executed (and template) contracts between United Healthcare and the various physicians and hospitals in
Georgia providing services for the SHBP, as well as all related correspondence between the DCH and United HealthCare.
United Healthcare filed an action to enjoin DCH from these documents available, alleging that they were trade secrets.
The Court of Appeals remanded the case back to the trial court to determine whether the requested documents met the
trade secrets test established in law.
State Road and Tollway Authority v. Electric Transaction Consultants Corp.
Georgia Court of Appeals
306 Ga. App. 487 (2010)
Electric Transaction Consultants filed an action to enjoin the State Road and Tollway Authority from releasing its bid
on the Authority’s “Request for Proposal for the Tolling Systems Integrator/I-85 Express Lanes and Back Office Project”
under the Open Records Act, alleging that the bid contained trade secrets. According to Electric Transaction Consultants,
the bid contained specific detailed technical and pricing information that is proprietary and confidential. The company
further alleged that information in the bid and the method by which the company allocated costs and pricing for the
services it provided was unique to the company and provided economic value to the company. The Court of Appeals
held that the bidder failed to provide any evidence to support its assertion that the detailed pricing information in its
unredacted price proposal would enable a competitor to deduce how the bidder designed its systems and, therefore,
merited protection under the trade secrets exemption.
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TAX MATTERS
Attorney General Opinion 95-22
1995 Op. Att’y Gen. No. 95-22
According to the Attorney General, the board of tax assessors and the board of tax equalization must comply with the
open meetings law. All official proceedings and actions of the board must be conducted in open meetings. However,
either board may close a meeting to discuss matters that are considered confidential by the law. Additionally, the boards
may preserve the confidentiality of taxpayer records as provided by O.C.G.A. § 48-5-314.
City of Atlanta v. Corey Entertainment, et al. Fouch v. Corey Entertainment, et al.
Georgia Supreme Court
278 Ga. 474 (2004)
The Supreme Court affirmed the grant of summary judgment to Corey Entertainment in a suit seeking compliance with
the Open Records Act. Corey, a competitor of Fouch’s, and Fouch were both bidding on a lucrative airport advertising
contract. A copy of Fouch’s tax records had been submitted to the City of Atlanta in an effort to be certified as a
Disadvantaged Minority Business (DMB). The contract was awarded to Fouch. Corey, in challenging the award, sought a
copy of the tax records submitted in support of the DMB designation. The city and Fouch claimed that federal regulations
prohibited such disclosure. The trial court disagreed and ordered the tax returns disclosed. On appeal, the Court held
that confidentiality of the tax returns was not absolute and that Corey sought it for the narrow purpose of determining
whether Fouch was properly certified as a disadvantaged business. The Court distinguished the decision in Corey from
Bowers v. Shelton, 265 Ga. 247 (1995) to the extent that the requestors in Bowers failed to show how their request for
Shelton’s tax returns related to a “legitimate public inquiry.”
MISCELLANEOUS
Dooley v. Davidson
Georgia Supreme Court
260 Ga. 577 (1990)
An open records request was made to review all documents associated with the income paid by the University of
Georgia to its coaches. The Supreme Court held that the following documents were subject to disclosure: (1) those
documents prepared or maintained for the purpose of a duty imposed upon the coaches by the university in the course
of operation of the university; (2) those documents received in the course of operation of the university; and (3) those
documents that relate to an official function of the university. For instance, contracts between coaches and suppliers of
sports equipment and apparel directly affected performance of the coaches’ official duties and were otherwise related
to university activities, making them public documents. Likewise, contracts to participate in pre-game or post-game
programs on university radio station or television broadcast were public records. However, the Court held that contracts
relating to a private activity that are not connected to the university, not in conflict with the performance of an official
duty, and not in the course of operation of the university are not public records and are not required to be disclosed.
Examples of such contracts include those contracts to make speaking appearances on behalf of a manufacturer or third
party, as well as those contracts with radio networks to broadcast sporting events not involving the university.
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In re Gwinnett County Grand Jury
Georgia Supreme Court
284 Ga. 510 (2008)
Gwinnett County made a request under the Open Records Act to the Gwinnett County District Attorney and Superior
Court Clerk seeking copies of materials used by the grand jury in its civil investigation concerning the dissolution of the
Office of Internal Affairs and the transfer of responsibilities to the newly created county office, Performance Analysis
Division. The court determined that the requested documents and recorded testimony were not court records available
for public inspection under Uniform Superior Court Rule 21, in that these records were not included in the presentment
made in open court and therefore do not carry the presumption of public access.
Smith v. Northside Hospital, Inc., et al.
Georgia Court of Appeals
336 Ga. App. 843 (2016)
This case involves the question of whether documents of a private hospital corporation constitute public records within
the meaning of the Open Records Act (ORA). Smith, a partner in a law firm, made a request under the ORA to the Fulton
County Hospital Authority (FCHA) and Northside Hospital Inc. (NHI), a private nonprofit corporation created by FCHA,
for statements and documents relating to acquisitions the NHI was making to acquire four privately owned physicians
groups. The FCHA responded that it had no such records and the NHI asserted that it was not subject to the ORA, and,
even if it was, the material was exempt from disclosure for numerous reasons. Smith filed a complaint seeking the trial
court to compel ORA compliance.
The pertinent question was whether the specific requested documents were prepared and maintained or received by the
NHI in the performance of a specific service or function on behalf of the FCHA. The Court determined that the FCHA
retained only limited powers, none of which involved acquiring physician practices, that the FCHA further did not possess
or control the documents, and the NHI did not function under the direction and control of the FCHA. Additionally, no
public funds were used to finance the transactions and there was no involvement of any public officials. Finally, the Court
noted that simply performing some task or function that has an indirect public benefit or which aids the public as a whole
does not transform a private entity’s records into public records. The trial court granted the NHI’s motion for involuntary
dismissal and the Court of Appeals affirmed.
Schick v. Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia
Georgia Court of Appeals
334 Ga. App. 425 (2015)
This case involves the applicability of exemptions of the open records law to a variety of records relating to a budget
shortfall at a member institution of the board of regents. The Court of Appeals reversed the trial court because the
exemption relied upon, O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(4) did not apply. The trial court was allowed on remand to conduct
in-camera proceedings to determine if the withheld documents could be exempt under another exemption. Further,
no attorneys’ fees would be allowed under O.C.G.A. § 50-18-73(b) since there was substantial justification for the
violation. Here, employees worked nights and holidays trying to respond as expeditiously as possible to the voluminous
requests.
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Deal v. Coleman
Supreme Court of Georgia
294 Ga. 170 (2013)
This case involves a question of whether an amendment to the Open Records Act (ORA) applies to litigation ongoing at
the time of the amendment. An automaker located a facility in Georgia. A state technical college provided training as
part of a Quick Start program. Plaintiffs filed an ORA request to the technical college system for records regarding the
hiring practices of the automaker. The request was refused. Litigation ensued. While the suit was pending, the ORA was
specifically amended by adding paragraph (47) in subsection (a) of O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72 to provide a specific exemption
for certain Quick Start records. The trial court did not decide the extent to which the new exemption applied to the
requested records and concluded that it would be unconstitutional to apply the new exemption in a pending lawsuit.
On appeal, the Supreme Court concluded that the new exemption applies by its own terms and that application in the
pending case is constitutional. The Court noted that retroactive application is disfavored unless there is some clear
indication that the statute is intended to be applied retroactively. In the amendment at issue here, the text clearly states
that it is to apply to requests made prior to the effective date of the amendment. Thus, the question becomes whether
the constitution would permit such application. The Court concludes that it is permissible since no vested ‘private’ rights
are injuriously affected. The rights in this case are ‘public’ rights which can be modified by the legislature prospectively
or retroactively as it sees fit. The Court indicates that the ORA confers a public right to the people as a whole and as
such, it could not vest in any particular persons.
CRIMINAL MATTERS
Crawford v. Head
U.S. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit
311 F.3d 1288 (2002)
In a murder case, the defendant claimed relief from his conviction because the prosecution failed to provide him with
exculpatory evidence. This claim was based on a GBI report that was obtained during state habeas proceedings pursuant
to the Open Records Act. This report concerned a search performed in relation to a criminal investigation. The district
court reiterated the Georgia Supreme Court’s holding that once the trial has been held, the conviction affirmed on
direct appeal, and any petition or petitions for certiorari denied, the investigatory file in a criminal case should be made
available for public inspection.
Stone v. State
Georgia Court of Appeals
257 Ga. App. 492 (2002)
In a criminal bench trial for a speeding violation, the defendant requested documents from the Henry County Police
Department. Although it is not clear what response the defendant received, the defendant alleged that the police
department was in violation of the Open Records Act by failing to provide the documents in a timely manner needed
to prepare the defense. The Court, in refusing to reverse the conviction on speeding charges, held that the question of
compliance with the Open Records Act was a matter separate from the criminal proceeding and, although a criminal
defendant may have access to government records as a member of the public, the access is not based on his status as
criminal defendant.
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REMEDIES / ATTORNEYS’ FEES
Tobin v. Cobb County Board of Education
Georgia Supreme Court
278 Ga. 663 (2004)
Tobin filed a petition for mandamus in the Superior Court of Cobb County to compel defendants to permit the inspection
and copying of records of a high school chorus booster club. A mandamus nisi issued. At the ensuing hearing, defendants
urged the court to dismiss the petition on the ground that petitioners had an adequate remedy at law, the Open Records
Act. The superior court dismissed the petition. The Court agreed that the Open Records Act provides a remedy which is
as complete and convenient as mandamus.
Wallace v. Greene County
Georgia Court of Appeals
274 Ga. App. 776 (2005)
Wallace filed a complaint after his termination from employment against Greene County, the county manager, and the
county attorney for a violation of the Open Records Act alleging that the county failed to provide a timely response to his
request for a copy of his personnel record. The case was dismissed against the county attorney since the open records
request was never made to him. The Court held that the Open Records Act does not permit recovery of compensatory or
punitive damages. The Court held that to recover attorneys’ fees, a plaintiff must first show the county violated the Open
Records Act by not producing the requested records before the suit was filed. Further, if a violation did in fact occur,
Wallace must show that the county lacked substantial justification for the violation. The Court concluded that Wallace
had satisfied the first prong and remanded the case to the trial court for a determination as to the second prong.
City of Carrollton v. The Information Age, Inc.
Georgia Court of Appeals
306 Ga. App. 891 (2010)
The Information Age, Inc., submitted an open records request to the City of Carrollton to inspect documents related to
non-health insurance claims and payments made by the city over an 11-month period. The City responded that these
requests were too “vague” and “overly broad and unduly burdensome.” The Court found that the requests were plain
and that the city should have provided the documents.
Open Meetings
and Open Records
Statutory References
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There are a number of statutory references that relate to the open meetings and open records law. Below and on the
next page you will find the main references for each. Note that the most recent version of the code sections referred to
can be found online free of cost on the General Assembly’s website located at www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/gacode/
Default.asp.
Open Meetings Statutes
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1. General open meetings law requirements (notice requirements, audio and video recordings,
teleconferences, access to minutes, etc.)
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-2. Description of certain privileges that are not repealed by the open meetings law
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3. Meetings and proceedings excluded from the open meetings law
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-4. Meeting closure and executive sessions procedures
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-5. Enforcement of the open meetings law
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-6. Violations and penalties of the open meetings law
O.C.G.A. § 16-11-34. Preventing or disrupting lawful meetings, gatherings, or processions
O.C.G.A. § 36-1-25. Official meeting minutes of the board of commissioners
O.C.G.A. § 38-3-54. Emergency meeting location requirements for local governments
O.C.G.A. § 38-3-55. Emergency meeting location proclamation authorization
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Open Records Statutes
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-70. Definitions and legislative intent of open records law
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-71. General open records law requirements (access, request timeframe and procedures, records
custodian duties and designation, fees and charges, electronic records, etc.)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72. Exempt records
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-73. Enforcement of open records law (attorneys’ fees, litigation expenses, defenses)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-74. Penalties for violations of the open records law and procedures for prosecution
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-75. Confidential communications between the Office of Legislative Counsel and certain elected officials
and staff
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-76. Exemption of vital records
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-77. Exemption of requirements and fees for certain record requests in conjunction with an ongoing
administrative, criminal, or tax investigation
O.C.G.A. § 15-1-10. Court records removal and storage
O.C.G.A. § 36-76-6(d). Exemption of cable and video provider financial information related to franchise fees
O.C.G.A. § 45-11-1. Offenses of public records, documents, and other items
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-90. Georgia Records Act
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-91. Georgia Records Act Definitions
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-92. State Records Committee (purpose, composition, duties, retention schedules, etc.)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-99. Local government records management program requirements
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-102. Proper and unlawful records disposal and destruction
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-103. Record storage compliance
O.C.G.A. § 50-29-2. GIS records contract and fee requirements
Open Meetings
Law Exemptions
Summary of
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Exemptions to the Open Meetings Act
(Note: The following is a very brief description of the open meetings and open records laws.
Before relying on any exception, the actual text should be carefully reviewed since many
are subject to specific conditions or other limitations.)
O.C.G.A. § 15-11-700(j) Juvenile court hearings
O.C.G.A. § 15-16-10(a)(10) Meetings regarding courthouse security plans
O.C.G.A. § 19-7-53 Paternity hearings
O.C.G.A. § 19-15-5 Meetings of child abuse protocol committee or Georgia Child Facility Review Panel
O.C.G.A. § 33-37-10 Delinquency proceedings
O.C.G.A. § 20-2-757 Meetings of public school disciplinary tribunals
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(a)(3)(B) Inspecting facilities or property where no other official action is discussed or taken
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(a)(3)(B) Attending statewide, multijurisdictional, or regional meetings or training where no
official action is taken
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(a)(3)(B) Meetings with state or federal legislative or executive officials at state or federal
offices where no official action is taken
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(a)(3)(B) Traveling together where no official business, policy, or public matter is
formulated, presented, discussed, or voted upon
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1(a)(3)(B) Attending social, civic, ceremonial, or religious events where no official business,
policy, or public matter is formulated, presented, discussed, or voted upon
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-2(1) Attorney-client privilege
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-2(2) Confidential tax matters
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(a)(1) Staff meetings held for investigative purposes
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(a)(2) Votes of State Board of Pardons and Paroles
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(a)(3) Meetings of Georgia Bureau of Investigation
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(a)(4) Adoptions and related proceedings
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(a)(5) Mediation proceedings
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(a)(6)(A) Meetings of any medical staff committee of a public hospital
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(a)(6)(B) Meetings of a governing authority or committee of a public hospital for peer or
medical review per O.C.G.A. § 31-7-15
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(a)(6)(C) Meetings of hospital authorities or committees when discussing revoking staff
privileges or granting an abortion
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(7) Incidental conversation
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(8) E-mail communications
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O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(1) Meetings when discussing acquisition, disposal, sale, or lease of real estate
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(1) To authorize settlement of any matter relative to the attorney-client privilege
per O.C.G.A. § 50-14-2(1)
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(2) Meetings discussing appointment, employment, compensation, disciplinary hiring,
action or dismissal, or periodic evaluation or rating of a public officer or employee
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(3) Meetings of boards of trustees or investment committees of a public retirement
system when discussing investment
O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(4) Meetings when discussing records or portions of records exempt from public
disclosure per O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72
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Open Records
Law Exemptions
Summary of
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
174
Exemptions to the Open Records Act
O.C.G.A. § 2-7-61 Records of pesticide delivery, movement, or possession
O.C.G.A. § 2-7-67
O.C.G.A. § 2-7-68(b)
O.C.G.A. § 2-8-69
O.C.G.A. § 2-8-29(b)
O.C.G.A. § 2-13-5
O.C.G.A. § 7-1-70
O.C.G.A. § 7-1-684(d)
O.C.G.A. § 7-1-625(c)
O.C.G.A. § 7-1-689
O.C.G.A. § 7-1-702.2(d)
O.C.G.A. § 7-1-703(d)
O.C.G.A. § 7-1-706
O.C.G.A. § 7-1-1004(l)
O.C.G.A. § 7-1-1009
O.C.G.A. §10-1-207
O.C.G.A. § 10-1-404
O.C.G.A. § 10-1-760 et seq.
O.C.G.A. § 10-9-9(e)
O.C.G.A. § 12-8-29.2
O.C.G.A. § 12-8-78
O.C.G.A. § 12-8-184
O.C.G.A. § 12-9-19
O.C.G.A. § 12-13-21
O.C.G.A. § 15-6-72(c)
Information concerning the individual distribution of pesticides
Trade secrets or commercial information obtained from application for registration of
pesticide
Information maintained by the Department of Agriculture in the maintenance and
inspection of books and records of processors and distributors of peanuts
Information maintained by the Department of Agriculture in the maintenance and
inspection of books and records
Trade secrets concerning commercial feeds
Department of Banking and Finance Records
Conviction data for individuals selling or issuing checks
Bank examination records
Information obtained in the examination or investigation of individuals licensed to sell
payment instruments or transmit money
Georgia Crime Information Center applications for check-cashier license
Conviction data for individuals cashing checks, drafts, or money orders
Information obtained in the examination or investigation of individuals licensed to cash
payment instruments
Mortgage lender and broker investigation conviction data
Mortgage lender and broker investigation records
Trade secrets pertaining to antifreeze
Information obtained pursuant to an investigation under the Fair Business Practices Act
Trade secrets
Conviction data of Georgia World Congress Center employees
Information related to secret processes, devices, or methods of manufacture of
materials being privately processed by the Environmental Protection Division
Protected records regarding hazardous waste management
Pollution prevention and environmental waste reduction reports and plans
Information relating to secret processes, devices, or methods of manufacture or
production obtained in the administration of conservation and natural resources
Records obtained pursuant to the Georgia Underground Storage Tank Act
Certain military service records
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
175
O.C.G.A. § 15-9-38
O.C.G.A. § 15-11-40
O.C.G.A. § 49-4A-8(d)(2)
O.C.G.A. § 15-11-603(d)
O.C.G.A. § 15-11-704
O.C.G.A. § 15-11-708
O.C.G.A. § 15-12-67(b)
O.C.G.A. § 15-16-10(a)(10)
O.C.G.A. § 16-11-9
O.C.G.A. § 16-11-172
O.C.G.A. § 16-12-141.1
O.C.G.A. § 16-13-52
O.C.G.A. § 16-13-60
O.C.G.A. § 16-15-11
O.C.G.A. § 17-4-20.1
O.C.G.A. § 17-17-14(b)
O.C.G.A. § 19-7-5(i)
O.C.G.A. § 19-7-46.1
O.C.G.A. § 19-8-23(e)
O.C.G.A. § 19-9-7(b)
O.C.G.A. § 19-11-30
O.C.G.A. § 19-13-23
O.C.G.A. § 19-15-6
O.C.G.A. § 20-2-210(e)
O.C.G.A. § 20-2-281
O.C.G.A. § 20-2-897
O.C.G.A. § 20-2-925
O.C.G.A. § 20-3-642
O.C.G.A. § 20-14-40
O.C.G.A. § 21-2-225
Confidentiality of wills
Records or reports of child abuse
Delinquent children records
Positive HIV test results of delinquent children
Juvenile court records
Juvenile law enforcement records
Deliberations of the grand jury
Courthouse security plans
Records that may reflect on the loyalty of any resident received and maintained under
the Sedition and Subversive Activities Act of 1953
Criminal records of individuals transferring or purchasing firearms
Hospital abortion records
Records on subjects in controlled substance research
Prescription information
Georgia Criminal Street Gang Database records
Family violence reports of law enforcement officers
Crime victims address and telephone number
Reports of child abuse
Authorization of paternity
Adoption records
Address of a victim of family violence
Insurance information on a dependent child
Location of family violence shelters
Child abuse protocol or review committee records
School superintendents’ annual performance evaluations
Student assessment instruments and individual student results
Public school teachers’ health insurance claim forms and records
Public school employees’ health insurance claim forms and records
Information or records pertaining to an individual’s Georgia Higher Education Savings
Plan
Identifiable individual student performance data, information, and reports
Applications for voter registration
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176
Address of certain registered electors
Election records under seal
Information and evidence provided to the Attorney General in the investigation of
taxpayer protection against false claims.
Raw medical research data
Patients’ medical information
AIDS information
AIDS information
Library user records
Information relating to an investigation of a fire loss
Conviction data of applicants for employment as a firefighter
Drug abuse treatment and education records
Records pertaining to the abuse, neglect or exploitation of disabled adults or elder
persons in the custody of the Department of Human Services
Alzheimer’s Disease Registry data
Information received and kept by the Department of Public Health in administering the
Low THC Oil Patient Registry
Information obtained by the Department of Human Services and county boards of
health relating to secret processes, formulas, and methods
Identifiable individual data in patient care research
Hospitals’ potentially commercially valuable plans
Peer review records
Healthcare data provided to the Department of Health
Identity of complainant in long-term care investigation
Identities in an investigation of the abuse or exploitation of residents of long-term care
facilities
Books and records pertaining to nursing home provider fees
Books and records pertaining to care management organization quality assessment fees
Books and records pertaining to Medicaid financing (repealed, effective June 30, 2017)
Abortion physician reports
Vital records including birth, death, divorce, and marriage certificates
Vital records, voluntary acknowledgement of paternity and legitimization
Conviction data for emergency medical technicians
O.C.G.A. § 21-2-225.1
O.C.G.A. § 21-2-500
O.C.G.A. § 23-3-122
O.C.G.A. § 24-12-2
O.C.G.A. § 24-12-12
O.C.G.A. § 24-12-20
O.C.G.A. § 24-12-21
O.C.G.A. § 24-12-30
O.C.G.A. § 25-2-33(d)
O.C.G.A. § 25-4-8(c)(1)
O.C.G.A. § 26-5-17
O.C.G.A. § 30-5-7
O.C.G.A. § 31-2A-17
O.C.G.A. § 31-2A-18(f)
O.C.G.A. § 31-5-5
O.C.G.A. § 31-7-6
O.C.G.A. § 31-7-75.2
O.C.G.A. § 31-7-133
O.C.G.A. § 31-7-285
O.C.G.A. § 31-8-58
O.C.G.A. § 31-8-86
O.C.G.A. § 31-8-165(c)
O.C.G.A. § 31-8-174(c)
O.C.G.A. § 31-8-179.3
O.C.G.A. § 31-9B-3
O.C.G.A. § 31-10-25
O.C.G.A. § 31-10-26
O.C.G.A. § 31-11-51(e)
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Data and reports on certain diseases
Vaccination records
Information regarding a deceased’s infectious or communicable disease
Evidence in an insurance investigation
Financial analysis ratios and examination synopses in annual filings submitted by the
National Association of Insurance Commissioners’ Insurance Regulatory Information
System
Insurance company statistics maintained under statistical plans compatible with the
rating plans used
Certain investment policy information for life, accident, sickness, property, and
casualty insurers
Information and documents obtained during insurance holding company system
examination or investigation
Medical information obtained by health maintenance organization
Conviction data for insurance agents, counselors, and adjusters
Medical information obtained from pharmacies
Delinquency proceeding records
Records produced in relation to the Low THC Oil Research Program
Risk-based capital reports and plans
Individual identification data obtained through a life settlement examination
Medical information obtained in a life settlement transaction
Documents and evidence in a fraudulent life insurance settlement
Anti-fraud life insurance settlement plans
Support documents submitted with the Property and Casualty Actuarial Opinion
Department of Labor information
Communications between employer and employee and/or the Department of Labor
Workers Compensation Board records
Workers Compensation Board employers’ names and employers’ reports
Workers Compensation rating data
Workers Compensation Guaranty Trust Fund reports
Drug-Free Workplace drug test results
Workers Compensation drug test results
Access to criminal history records by private entities
O.C.G.A. § 31-12-2
O.C.G.A. § 31-12-3.1(e)
O.C.G.A. § 31-21-3(c)
O.C.G.A. § 33-1-16(e)
O.C.G.A. § 33-3-21.3
O.C.G.A. § 33-9-20
O.C.G.A. § 33-11-62
O.C.G.A. § 33-13-8
O.C.G.A. § 33-21-23
O.C.G.A. § 33-23-5.1
O.C.G.A. § 33-24-59.4
O.C.G.A. § 33-37-10
O.C.G.A. § 31-51-5
O.C.G.A. § 33-56-8
O.C.G.A. § 33-59-7
O.C.G.A. § 33-59-11
O.C.G.A. § 33-59-14(e)
O.C.G.A. § 33-59-14(g)
O.C.G.A. § 33-62-3
O.C.G.A. § 34-8-121(a)
O.C.G.A. § 34-8-122(a)
O.C.G.A. § 34-9-12(b)
O.C.G.A. § 34-9-61(b)
O.C.G.A. § 34-9-208(f)
O.C.G.A. § 34-9-388(c)
O.C.G.A. § 34-9-413
O.C.G.A. § 34-9-420
O.C.G.A. § 35-3-34
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
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Access to criminal history records by government entities
Unauthorized disclosure of criminal history records
Antiterrorism Task Force investigative efforts and agent identities
DNA analysis results
Peace officer records
Cable and video service provider financial information
Repayment obligation records
Reports and evaluations of claims adjusters on accidents involving county owned
motor vehicles
Department of Human Services information received from persons, firms, etc., relating
to secret processes, formulas, and methods
Mental health records
Identity of complainant in mental disability investigation
Peer review records and medical review group findings and recommendations
Clinical records related to mental illness
Court records relating to treatment of mental illness
Court records relating to developmental disabilities
Clinical records for treatments of alcoholics and drug abusers as medical patients
Patient asset information
Terrorism safety plans
Motor vehicle registration records to maintained by the state revenue commissioner
Motor vehicle records
Individual driver’s information maintained by the Department of Drivers Services
Recorded images from red light cameras
Recorded images from a school bus camera
Information regarding communicable diseases of inmates
Crime victim notification
Information supplied by inmates who cooperate in remedying abuses and wrongdoing
in the penal system
Statewide probation records
Records involving private probation companies that contract with local government for
services
Pardons and Paroles Board confidential state secrets
O.C.G.A. § 35-3-35
O.C.G.A. § 35-3-38
O.C.G.A. § 35-3-64
O.C.G.A. § 35-3-162
O.C.G.A. § 35-8-15(b)
O.C.G.A. § 36-76-6(d)
O.C.G.A. § 36-82-141
O.C.G.A. § 36-92-4(c)
O.C.G.A. § 37-1-53
O.C.G.A. § 37-2-11.2(b)
O.C.G.A. § 37-2-38
O.C.G.A. § 37-2-45
O.C.G.A. § 37-3-166(a)
O.C.G.A. § 37-3-167(d)
O.C.G.A. § 37-4-125(a)
O.C.G.A. § 37-7-166
O.C.G.A. § 37-9-7
O.C.G.A. § 38-3-22.1
O.C.G.A. § 40-2-130(c)
O.C.G.A. § 40-3-23(d)
O.C.G.A. § 40-5-2(b)
O.C.G.A. § 40-6-20(f)
O.C.G.A. § 40-6-163(d)
O.C.G.A. § 42-1-7(c)
O.C.G.A. § 42-1-11(e)
O.C.G.A. § 42-5-36(a)
O.C.G.A. § 42-8-40
O.C.G.A. § 42-8-108(b)
O.C.G.A. § 42-9-53
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
179
State examining boards’ investigations
CPA applicant information provided to the State Board of Accountancy
All information from the monitoring or rehabilitation of health care professionals
furnished by the Georgia Composite Medical Board to certain medical professional
organizations
Applicant information, examination materials, and board deliberations not included in
the official minutes, for the Georgia Composite Medical Board
Transmitted medical records and patient information of those being medically treated by
someone from a foreign jurisdiction
Records related to death investigations which may be the result of medication
administered or prescribed or a procedure performed at a pain management clinic that
are sent to the Georgia Composite Medical Board
Identity of the person or entity requesting a physician’s profile through the Georgia
Composite Medical Board
Information submitted by real estate appraiser applicants or other parties as part of an
application filed with the Georgia Real Estate Appraisers Board
A letter of findings issued by the Georgia Real Estate Commission to a real estate
appraiser for a non-harmful violation
Conviction data for real estate appraisers
All applications and supporting documents filed with the Georgia Real Estate
Commission
A letter of findings issued by the Georgia Real Estate Commission to a licensee for a
non-harmful violation
Real estate misconduct investigation
Conviction data for real estate brokers and salespersons
All information or records required to be furnished to the state revenue commissioner
regarding the disposition of unclaimed property
Identity of whistleblowers
Certain medical information pertaining to the physical examination of state employees
Documents subpoenaed by coroners and medical examiners
Autopsy photographs
Documents subpoenaed by coroners
Claims forms and other records maintained by a state health insurance plan that
disclose the nature of health services provided to the insured
Deferred compensation plan information
Flexible employee benefit plan information for certain employees
O.C.G.A. § 43-1-19(h)
O.C.G.A. § 43-3-25.1
O.C.G.A. § 43-34-5.1
O.C.G.A. § 43-34-7
O.C.G.A. § 43-34-31(d)
O.C.G.A. § 43-34-290
O.C.G.A. § 43-34A-4
O.C.G.A. § 43-39A-7
O.C.G.A. § 43-39A-18.1
O.C.G.A. § 43-39A-22.1
O.C.G.A. § 43-40-7
O.C.G.A. § 43-40-25.2
O.C.G.A. § 43-40-27(d)
O.C.G.A. § 43-40-27.1(b)
O.C.G.A. § 44-12-225
O.C.G.A. § 45-1-4(c)
O.C.G.A. § 45-2-43
O.C.G.A. § 45-16-27(c)
O.C.G.A. § 45-16-27(d)
O.C.G.A. § 45-16-34(b)
O.C.G.A. § 45-18-19
O.C.G.A. § 45-18-36(b)
O.C.G.A. § 45-18-53(b)
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
180
O.C.G.A. § 45-20-71
O.C.G.A. § 45-20-111(b)
O.C.G.A. § 46-2-29
O.C.G.A. § 47-1-14
O.C.G.A. § 47-7-125
O.C.G.A. § 47-20-87(f)
O.C.G.A. § 48-2-6.1
O.C.G.A. § 48-2-15
O.C.G.A. § 48-5-314
O.C.G.A. § 48-7-60(a)
O.C.G.A. § 48-7-170
O.C.G.A. § 48-13-51
O.C.G.A. § 48-15-10
O.C.G.A. § 49-4-20(h)
O.C.G.A. § 49-4-193
O.C.G.A. § 49-5-40(b)
O.C.G.A. § 49-5-186
O.C.G.A. § 49-9-18
O.C.G.A. § 50-5A-11
O.C.G.A. § 50-13A-15(d)
O.C.G.A. § 50-17-26(b)
Employee assistance program records that provide the type of services received or
identify the employee participating in the program [exception—when commissioner
deems there is a life threatening or medical emergency]
State employee drug tests
Confidential information obtained by the Public Service Commission (PSC) as part
of any proceeding filed for the issuance of stocks, bonds, notes, or other debt by
companies under PSC jurisdiction
Certain specified records maintained by retirement systems
Member or applicant records of the Georgia Firefighters’ Pension Fund
Information prepared or provided by a potential or actual alternative investment
company by or for an eligible large retirement system
Return information secured by the state revenue commissioner incident to the
administration of any tax
Information secured by the state revenue commissioner incident to the administration
of any tax
All information obtained from or furnished by an ad valorem taxpayer, other than the
return, that is kept by the county board of tax assessors [exception—does not apply to
information gathered by staff, such as field cards]
Amount of income or particulars disclosed in any report or return
Information obtained by a claimant agency from the Department of Revenue in the
context of set-off debt collection
Information on gross receipts provided to a local government for the purpose of
determining the amount of occupation tax owed [exception—can be provided to
another local government for this purpose, by court order, for collection, or prosecution
purposes]
Information contained within a report or return related to excise taxes on marijuana
and controlled substances
Results of any drug test performed as part of a condition for receiving food stamps
Drug test results for TANF eligibility
Child abuse and neglect records
Hearings, files, and records of Central Child Abuse Registry
Names, lists, or any information concerning people applying for or receiving vocational
rehabilitation
Records that are not considered to be public records
Final judgements of the small claims division of the tax tribunal
Records maintained by the Georgia State Financing and Investment Commission that
reveal the names and identities of registered bond or note holders
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
181
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(1)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(2)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(3)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(4)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(5)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(6)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(7)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(8)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(9)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(10)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(11)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(12)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(13)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(14)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(15)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(16)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(17)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(18)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(19)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(19)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(20)
Records required by federal government to be kept confidential
Medical or veterinary records or similar files, the disclosure of which would invade
personal privacy
Law enforcement records that would disclose a confidential source or information that
would endanger person or property
Law enforcement records in any pending investigation or prosecution other than initial
police arrest reports, accident reports, and incident reports
Accident reports
Jury list data
Employee confidential evaluations
Employee investigations
Real estate appraisals of property that county has considered purchasing
Pending bids and proposals
Portions of records that would identify persons applying for or under consideration as
an executive head of an agency
Records of legislative staff services
Records of historical value when the donor has placed restrictions on access
Records relating to the location and character of historic properties
Records of farm water use by individual farmers
Agricultural or food system records
Confidential information, records, or data related to the national animal identification
program
Records of rare animals’ habitats
Home address, telephone numbers, security codes, e-mail addresses, and any other
data collected by a county in connection with burglar alarms, fire alarms, and security
systems
Home address, telephone numbers, security codes, e-mail addresses, and any other
data collected by a county in connection with a neighborhood watch or public safety
notification program
Social security numbers, mother’s birth name, credit card, debit card, bank account,
account or utility account passwords and numbers, financial data, insurance and
medical records, unlisted telephone numbers, personal e-mail address or cellular
telephone number, day and month of birth, and information regarding public utility,
television, internet, or telephone accounts held by private customers
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
182
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(21)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(22)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(23)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(24)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(25)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(26)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(26.1)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(26.2)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(27)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(28)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(29)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(30)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(31)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(32)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(33)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(34)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(35)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(36)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(37)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(38)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(38)
Records that reveal a public employee’s home address, home telephone number, day
and month of birth, social security number, insurance or medical information, mother’s
birth name, credit card information, debit card information, bank account information,
account number, utility account number, password used to access accounts, financial
data or information other than compensation by a government agency, unlisted telephone
number, and identity of the public employee’s immediate family members or dependents
Specified records of the Department of Early Care and Learning
Electronic signature
Records acquired for the establishment of a carpooling or ridesharing program
Records that could compromise public security against acts of sabotage or criminal or
terroristic acts
Name, address, and telephone numbers of callers to 9-1-1 call centers
Portions of records in audio recordings of 9-1-1 calls which contain the speech in
distress or extreme cries of the caller if he or she is a minor or died during the call
Records that contain audio and video recordings from devices used by law enforcement
officers in a place where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy when there is no
pending investigation
Records of public recreation programs identifying children 12 years old or younger by
name, address, and phone number
Records of the State Road and Tollway Authority which would reveal personal
information, financial accounts, or travel history of motorists
Records maintained by public postsecondary educational institutions regarding personal
information relating to donors to such institutions or foundations
Records of MARTA or any transit system that is connected to the TransCard or
SmartCard system which would reveal the financial records or travel history of any
individual who is a purchaser of either Card or similar fare medium
State-wide first responder building mapping information system
Physical evidence or investigatory material of an alleged violation of offenses related to
minors
Retirement system records that are expressly exempt from public inspection pursuant to
O.C.G.A. §§ 47-1-14 and 47-7-127
Records containing confidential trade secrets
Records containing data and other proprietary information
Data developed by faculty at research institutions
Records not subject to disclosure under 20 U.S.C. Section 1232g
Records containing public school testing materials
Records containing athletic association records
GEORGIA’S OPEN MEETINGS AND OPEN RECORDS LAWS
183
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(39)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(40)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(41)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(42)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(43)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(44)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(45
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(46)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(47)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(48)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(49)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(a)(50)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(c)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-72(c)
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-75
O.C.G.A. § 50-18-76
O.C.G.A. § 50-27-12(e)
O.C.G.A. § 50-27-25(a)
O.C.G.A. § 50-27-54
O.C.G.A. § 50-29-2(a)
Records disclosing the identity of research participants
Records relating to licensing and possession of firearms
Communications subject to attorney-client privilege
Confidential attorney work product
Confidential tax information
Computer software used in the operation of a public office
Records pertaining to the rating plans, rating systems, underwriting rules, surveys,
inspections, statistical plans, or similar proprietary information used to provide or
administer self-insurance coverage
Specified documents maintained by any agency pertaining to state economic
development projects until the project is secured by a binding commitment
Records relating to industry services training program
Eligible large public retirement system records expressly exempt from public inspection
pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 47-20-87
Information acquired by the Department of Labor as part of an investigation relating to
minors employed as actors or performers pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 39-2-18
Records held by the Georgia Superior Court Clerks Cooperative Authority or any other
entity on behalf of a superior court clerk [exception—the superior court clerk may
directly release these records unless exempted from disclosure]
Trial exhibits
Physical evidence used in a trial exhibit to show or support a violation of O.C.G.A. §
16-12-80 et seq.
Communications between the Office of Legislative Counsel and public officials
Any form, document, or other written matter required to be filed as a vital record under
O.C.G.A. § 31-10-25
Background investigation of applicants to the Georgia Lottery Corporation
Information related to the operation of the Georgia Lottery
Prize winner records
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) records
