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Harvard LJMU Referencing Guide
When writing up your project/assignment it is important that you provide details of the various
resources you have consulted. You need to use a recognised referencing system. This is a quick
guide giving examples of resources and how to reference in the Harvard LJMU style.
This guide provides basic examples of how to reference and how to display a citation in a
paragraph, it is not a guide to academic writing, grammar or sentence structure.
Please Note: always check with your programme leader, module handbook or school as to what
referencing style should be used.
Quick access to examples:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
If you cannot find what you are looking for here on the contents page, you may be able to find it
by pressing Ctrl and F on your keyboard to call up the Find box and typing in the word or phrase.
Section One: Why Reference? ............................................................................................................. 7
What is referencing?................................................................................................................................................... 7
When do you need to give a reference? ..................................................................................................................... 8
Why should you reference? ........................................................................................................................................ 8
When do you not need to give a reference? ............................................................................................................... 8
Bibliography and Refence list – what is the differnce?................................................................................................ 9
Section Two: Quotations and Paraphrasing ........................................................................................ 9
General Points about Quotations ............................................................................................................................... 9
Short quotations ........................................................................................................................................................10
Long quotations ............................................................................................................................................................ 10
Quotes: webpages/websites ........................................................................................................................................ 10
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Quotes: audio/visual materials..................................................................................................................................11
Quote for Film/Screen School student: ........................................................................................................................ 11
Author quoting another person (Secondary Reference) .............................................................................................. 11
Paraphrasing .............................................................................................................................................................11
Section Three: Authors ...................................................................................................................... 12
Some general points about authors ...........................................................................................................................12
One Author ................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Two Authors ................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Three Authors ............................................................................................................................................................... 13
Four or more Authors ................................................................................................................................................... 13
Edited by or compiled by .............................................................................................................................................. 13
No Author ..................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Organisation/Society/Government Department ......................................................................................................... 14
Anonymity in the interests of Confidentiality .............................................................................................................. 14
Same Author Different Years ........................................................................................................................................ 14
Same Author Same Year ............................................................................................................................................... 15
Same Last Name and Year but Different Authors ........................................................................................................ 16
Citing Multiple Sources/Authors .................................................................................................................................. 16
References read about in other publications (Secondary sources/references) ........................................................... 16
Section Four: Compiling a Reference List .......................................................................................... 17
Reference List ............................................................................................................................................................17
Section Five: A-Z list of sample references ........................................................................................ 18
Abbreviating/Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................................18
Acts of Parliament/Bill ...............................................................................................................................................18
Acts – non-UK legislation .............................................................................................................................................. 19
Advanced Publication/Advanced Access Journal Articles ............................................................................................ 19
Advertisements .........................................................................................................................................................19
AI Software ................................................................................................................................................................19
Amended or updated old texts ..................................................................................................................................19
Anonymity in the interests of Confidentiality ............................................................................................................20
Apps ..........................................................................................................................................................................20
Authors .....................................................................................................................................................................20
Blogs ..........................................................................................................................................................................21
Newspaper blogs .......................................................................................................................................................... 21
Books.........................................................................................................................................................................21
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One Author ................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Two Authors ................................................................................................................................................................. 22
Three Authors ............................................................................................................................................................... 22
Four or more Authors ................................................................................................................................................... 22
Books Edited by or Compiled by ................................................................................................................................... 23
No Author ..................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Items by an Organisation/Society/Government Department ...................................................................................... 23
Anonymising ................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Book Chapters ...........................................................................................................................................................24
Chapter from Edited Book ............................................................................................................................................ 24
Chapter from an Edited Book online ............................................................................................................................ 24
Chapter online- PDF ..................................................................................................................................................... 25
Book Editions .............................................................................................................................................................25
Revised, Reissue, Updated or Classic Editions.............................................................................................................. 26
Amended Editions ........................................................................................................................................................ 26
Translated Editions: ...................................................................................................................................................... 26
British Standards .......................................................................................................................................................26
Print .............................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Electronic ...................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Brochure ....................................................................................................................................................................27
Case Studies ..............................................................................................................................................................27
CDs ............................................................................................................................................................................27
Chapters ....................................................................................................................................................................28
Chapter from an Edited Book ....................................................................................................................................... 28
Chapter from an Edited Book online ............................................................................................................................ 28
Chapter online - single chapter PDF ............................................................................................................................. 29
Chapter online - Thesis/Dissertation ............................................................................................................................ 29
Command Papers ......................................................................................................................................................29
Computer Programs/software ...................................................................................................................................29
Conference Papers/Proceedings ................................................................................................................................30
Confidentiality ...........................................................................................................................................................31
Conversations ............................................................................................................................................................31
Court cases ................................................................................................................................................................31
Dance Performances from a collection on a DVD .......................................................................................................32
Dictionary definitions ................................................................................................................................................32
Drug Monograph .......................................................................................................................................................32
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DVDs/CDs ..................................................................................................................................................................32
DVDs for Film/Screen School Students only ................................................................................................................. 32
eBooks .......................................................................................................................................................................33
Editions .....................................................................................................................................................................34
Edited Book ...............................................................................................................................................................34
Email messages .........................................................................................................................................................34
Excel Spreadsheet ......................................................................................................................................................34
Extracts......................................................................................................................................................................35
Extracts from a CD/DVD/Film/Video ............................................................................................................................ 35
Extracts from a Film for Film/Screen School Students only ......................................................................................... 35
Extracts from a journal article online ........................................................................................................................... 35
Extract from a thesis/dissertation online ..................................................................................................................... 36
Films ..........................................................................................................................................................................36
Films for Film/Screen School Students only ................................................................................................................. 36
Government Reports .................................................................................................................................................36
Graphs and Tables .....................................................................................................................................................36
Guests/Visiting speakers from a commercial company ..............................................................................................37
House of Commons Briefing Paper ............................................................................................................................37
Images .......................................................................................................................................................................37
Image from a book ....................................................................................................................................................... 37
Images from Microsoft Office: PowerPoint stock images ............................................................................................ 37
Images online ............................................................................................................................................................... 38
Images – online no author accredited .......................................................................................................................... 38
Images online – no title ................................................................................................................................................ 38
Images- your own photographs/drawings ................................................................................................................... 38
Images from social media ............................................................................................................................................. 39
Industry/Trade Magazines or Publications Articles ....................................................................................................39
Infographics ...............................................................................................................................................................40
Interviews .................................................................................................................................................................40
Email interview ............................................................................................................................................................. 40
Face-to-Face interviews ............................................................................................................................................... 40
Radio interviews ........................................................................................................................................................... 40
TV interviews ................................................................................................................................................................ 41
Video Interviews – non TV/Radio ................................................................................................................................. 41
Journal Articles ..........................................................................................................................................................41
Journal Articles - Advanced Access/Publication ........................................................................................................... 42
Journal Articles: electronic details ............................................................................................................................... 42
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Web address/weblink: ................................................................................................................................................. 42
Full DOI weblink: .......................................................................................................................................................... 43
DOI:............................................................................................................................................................................... 43
Journal Articles: database link ...................................................................................................................................... 43
Journal Articles: no volume, issue or page details – missing details ............................................................................ 44
Journal Articles: no volume numbers with seasons and pages .................................................................................... 45
Journal Articles: only one page number ....................................................................................................................... 45
Journal Articles: article number and no pages ............................................................................................................. 46
Journal Articles: editorials ............................................................................................................................................ 47
Journal Articles: extract ................................................................................................................................................ 47
Journal Articles: no identifiable author ........................................................................................................................ 47
Journal article: no page numbers ................................................................................................................................. 47
Law for non-law students ..........................................................................................................................................48
Act of Parliament Bills .................................................................................................................................................. 48
Hansard ........................................................................................................................................................................ 48
Whole debate/record: .................................................................................................................................................. 48
Written Statement: ...................................................................................................................................................... 49
Law Case/Court Cases .................................................................................................................................................. 49
Law Commission Report ............................................................................................................................................... 49
Lectures .....................................................................................................................................................................50
Letters .......................................................................................................................................................................50
Live Performances .....................................................................................................................................................50
Dance ............................................................................................................................................................................ 50
Concert ......................................................................................................................................................................... 50
Maps .........................................................................................................................................................................51
Marketing Reports .....................................................................................................................................................51
Memo/Memoranda ...................................................................................................................................................51
Monograph: Drug ......................................................................................................................................................51
MP3s .........................................................................................................................................................................51
MP3 Single Track from a compilation album ............................................................................................................... 52
Multi-volume works ..................................................................................................................................................52
Music Compilation - single tracks ..............................................................................................................................52
National Curriculum documents ................................................................................................................................53
Newspaper Articles ...................................................................................................................................................53
Online/Electronic copy ................................................................................................................................................. 53
Print copy ..................................................................................................................................................................... 54
News Websites ............................................................................................................................................................. 54
No year/publication date ..........................................................................................................................................55
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No volume details/pages ...........................................................................................................................................55
Observation ...............................................................................................................................................................55
Online Chapter PDF ...................................................................................................................................................55
Online chapter – Thesis/Dissertation ........................................................................................................................... 55
Online Documents/PDFs ............................................................................................................................................55
Online Video ..............................................................................................................................................................56
Paintings ....................................................................................................................................................................56
Parliament: Hansard Speech or Debate .....................................................................................................................56
PDFs available online .................................................................................................................................................57
Personal Diary/Journal ..............................................................................................................................................57
Photographs ..............................................................................................................................................................57
Podcasts ....................................................................................................................................................................57
PowerPoints ..............................................................................................................................................................58
PowerPoint from lectures ............................................................................................................................................ 58
PowerPoint from a conference - online ....................................................................................................................... 58
PowerPoint Microsoft Stock images ............................................................................................................................ 58
Press Releases ...........................................................................................................................................................59
Radio Programmes ....................................................................................................................................................59
Religious Texts ...........................................................................................................................................................59
Print: ............................................................................................................................................................................. 59
Online: .......................................................................................................................................................................... 59
Reports ......................................................................................................................................................................60
Education Reports ........................................................................................................................................................ 60
Government Department Reports ............................................................................................................................... 61
Government Research Report ...................................................................................................................................... 61
House of Commons Report .......................................................................................................................................... 61
Law Commission Reports ............................................................................................................................................. 61
Marketing Report- Mintel ............................................................................................................................................ 61
Ofsted ........................................................................................................................................................................... 62
School Inspections ........................................................................................................................................................ 62
Reports – referencing an article from an edited report ............................................................................................... 62
Secondary Sources/References ..................................................................................................................................62
Secondary References to abstracts .............................................................................................................................. 63
Social Media ..............................................................................................................................................................64
Image on social media .................................................................................................................................................. 64
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Software ....................................................................................................................................................................64
Speeches ...................................................................................................................................................................64
Online speech ............................................................................................................................................................... 64
Visiting speaker from a particular company................................................................................................................. 64
Statutory Instruments (SI) .........................................................................................................................................65
Tables and Graphs .....................................................................................................................................................65
Theses/Dissertations .................................................................................................................................................65
Thesis/Dissertation- online chapter ............................................................................................................................. 65
Translations of old texts ............................................................................................................................................66
TV Programmes .........................................................................................................................................................66
Unpublished Works ...................................................................................................................................................66
Updated/Amended old texts .....................................................................................................................................66
Videos available online ..............................................................................................................................................66
Kanopy videos .............................................................................................................................................................. 67
Webinar.....................................................................................................................................................................67
Webpages/websites ..................................................................................................................................................67
PDFs on a webpage ...................................................................................................................................................... 68
Webpage articles .......................................................................................................................................................... 68
Year missing ..............................................................................................................................................................69
YouTube Videos .........................................................................................................................................................69
Section One: Why Reference?
When writing up an assignment it is important that you provide details of the various
resources you have consulted. You need to use a recognised referencing system.
The Harvard LJMU is the one used most frequently in LJMU, this guide will help you learn how
it works.
What is referencing?
Referencing is the acknowledgement of all the sources that you have referred to (cited) in your
assignments. There are two parts to referencing:
• Citation: Brief details of each source are ‘cited’ in the body of your text to argue, support,
explain key points
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• Reference: Full publication details for each source are provided in a reference list at the
end
When do you need to give a reference?
• if you quote the exact words of another author
• if you paraphrase or summarise a passage by another author
• if you use an idea or material based directly on the work of another author
Why should you reference?
• it enables you to find an item you have previously consulted
• it allows you to pass on to a friend or colleague details of an item that you have consulted,
secure in the knowledge that he/she will be able to trace it easily
• it helps the reader understand how you have reached your conclusions
• to avoid accusations of plagiarism
• it enables you to identify the sources of quotes
Referencing involves inserting brief details, usually the item’s author’s last name and year of
publication within round brackets, for example: (Neville, 2009) or Neville (2009), at the
appropriate point in your text and full details of the item in a reference list at the end of your
work. The entry in the reference list for Neville’s book would be:
Neville, C. (2009) How to improve your assignment results. Maidenhead: Open University
Press.
Before submitting an assignment, check that your reference list includes accurate and full
details of all the items you refer to in the assignment.
When do you not need to give a reference?
In all academic and professional fields some ideas are regarded as “common knowledge” and do not
need to be referenced.
Pears and Shields (2010, p.2) define common knowledge as “facts, dates, events and information
that are expected to be known by someone studying or working in a particular field”. They suggest
that students who are unsure whether “the material you want to use in your assignment constitutes
common knowledge, … need to ask … the following questions:
• Did I know this information before I started my course?
• Did this information/idea come from my own brain?
If the answer to either or both of these questions is “No”, then the information is not common
knowledge. In these cases, you need to cite and reference your source(s)” (2010, p.3).
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Bibliography and Refence list – what is the differnce?
Some people use these terms synonymously. However, according to the British Standards
Institution: “a bibliography identifies books and articles relevant to the text; it is not restricted to
items cited in the text... A list of references is confined to publications cited in the text” (BSI, 2000
p.16).
Some terms you may come across:
Bibliography: a list of sources you have consulted during your research
Citation: an in-text reference to an author/source
Direct Quotation: the actual words used by the author – exact starting page number is required in
the citation
Ellipsis: using 3 dots within a quotation to show there are missing/omitted words
Et al: Latin for “and others” this is used in citations to items by more than three authors
Ibid: means “as mentioned directly above.” You can use it when you are citing an author for a
second time, if you have not cited another item in between. Not used in Harvard system
Indirect Quotation: paraphrasing or altering slightly an author’s words
Op.cit: means “work already cited in a different part of the text.” Not used in Harvard system.
Paraphrasing: altering an author’s words to your own, you must cite the original source, but page
numbers are not required
Reference List: list of sources you have referred to in your assignment
Sic: between square brackets, for example: [sic] after a quotation indicates that any spelling
mistakes or grammatical errors are not yours
Section Two: Quotations and Paraphrasing
General Points about Quotations
A quotation helps you support an argument and illustrate the range of your research. Before
including a quotation, consider whether it is relevant. It is important that a quotation is easily
identifiable as such and accompanied by a page number.
Page numbers for quotes can be presented in several ways, using a comma after the year or a colon,
for example:
Titmuss (1958, p.51) or Titmuss (1958 p.51) or Titmuss (1958: 51)
(Titmuss, 1958, p.51) or (Titmuss, 1958 p.51) or (Titmuss, 1958: 51)
Choose one of these styles and use it consistently.
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Please Note: you should always check with your programme leader, module handbook or school
to ensure what referencing style should be used.
Short quotations
Quotation of three lines or less are enclosed in quotation marks and included in the body of the
essay, for example:
“Occupational welfare includes those benefits that accrue to wage and salary earners over and
above their pay, including those referred to as fringe benefits” (Titmuss, 1958 p.51).
Long quotations
We recommend that longer quotations are indented (they can be enclosed in inverted commas, but
it is not necessary) and presented in singleline- spacing, for example:
Titmuss (1958, p.51) illustrates this occupational division of welfare with the following examples:
pensions for employees, wives and dependents; child allowances; death duties;
health and welfare services; personal expenses for travel, entertainment, dress
and equipment; meal vouchers; motor cars and season tickets ... and an
incalculable variety of benefits in kind ranging from obvious forms of realisable
goods to the most intangible forms of amenity.
Or
pensions for employees, wives and dependents; child allowances; death duties;
health and welfare services; personal expenses for travel, entertainment, dress
and equipment; meal vouchers; motor cars and season tickets ... and an
incalculable variety of benefits in kind ranging from obvious forms of realisable
goods to the most intangible forms of amenity (Titmuss, 1958 p.51).
Quotes: webpages/websites
If you want to quote from a website, use the paragraph number or line number to pinpoint the
information:
According to Bebbington and Parkinson (2012, para.4) “opportunities are deteriorating for children
to experiment with different and lesser known sports”.
Cited as: GOV.UK (2016, para.4) or (GOV.UK, 2016 para.4) or (GOV.UK, 2016, para.4)
GOV.UK (2016, line 10) or (GOV.UK, 2016 line 10) or (GOV.UK, 2016, line 10)
Always reproduce quotations exactly, including their punctuation. You should even reproduce any
spelling or grammatical errors from the original. Insert [sic] immediately afterwards to indicate that
the error was made in the original and not as you were transcribing it.
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You may make alterations or additions to a quoted passage to help your reader's comprehension or
to fit the quotation neatly into your sentence or paragraph. Enclose any words that you add in
square brackets [ ] and insert three dots ... to indicate anything you have removed.
Quotes: audio/visual materials
Audio/visual materials such as podcasts, YouTube videos, DVD etc, use the 24-hour clock to pinpoint
the location, for example:
Million Dollar Baby (2005: 00:04:30) or (Million Dollar Baby, 2005: 00:04:30)
Quote for Film/Screen School student:
You may want to quote a specific part from the DVD/film – use the Director as the author and the
24-hour clock to indicate the starting point. For example:
Into the Wild (Penn, 2007: 00:25:35) or In Penn’s (2007: 00:25:35) film Into the Wild
Author quoting another person (Secondary Reference)
Author (year) Name of person quoting. Name of the Website/Newspaper [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: Person quoting (quoted in Author, year)
Robinson, J. (2011) Eric Schmidt, chairman of Google, condemns British education system. The
Guardian [online], 26th August 2011
Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/aug/26/eric-schmidt-chairman-
google-education
[Accessed: 18
th
October 2016]
Schmidt (quoted in Robinson, 2011 para.12) declared "I was flabbergasted to learn that today
computer science isn't even taught as standard in UK schools."
Paraphrasing
This is when you use your own word to express an author’s words, ideas or concept. You still need
to acknowledge that author with a citation, but you do not need a page number, for example:
Developing a natural conversational style to an interview takes time (Charmaz, 2014), so time
should…
Addison (2010) suggest that the ability to create imaginative and original art…
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Please Note: LBS students (not Events or Tourism): When paraphrasing you may be required to
include page numbers, please check with your tutor.
Section Three: Authors
Some general points about authors
If you can identify the name of a person/accredited with the creation of an item, that is who you
should regard as its author. Reference authors under their last name followed by their initials (not
their full name/s) and without any titles or qualifications. For example:
Professor Stephen W. Hawking would be: Hawking, S.W.
In your paragraph/text they are cited (referred to) by just their last name followed by the year, so
Stephen Hawking would be cited as: Hawking (1988) or (Hawking, 1988)
All the authors credited should be included in the reference and listed in the order in which they
appear on the title page.
Edited publications need to include an abbreviation to identify the editor(s). For example:
Edited by Geoffrey Campbell-Platt would be: Campbell-Platt, G. (ed.)
Cited as: Campbell-Platt (2012) or (Campbell-Platt, 2012)
Publications written by an organisation or society, where there is no named person, treat the
organisation/society as the author. For example:
Cited as: Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2014) or (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2014)
One Author
Cottrell, S. (2019) The study skills handbook. 5
th
ed. London: Red Globe Press.
Cited as: Cottrell (2019) or (Cottrell, 2019)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Gottfried (1983, p.45) or
(Gottfried, 1983 p.45). See Section 2 above for more details.
Two Authors
Gopee, N. and Galloway, J. (2017) Leadership and healthcare. 3
rd
ed. London: Sage.
Cited as: Gopee and Galloway (2017) or (Gopee and Galloway, 2017)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Gopee and Galloway (2017, p.89)
or (Gopee and Galloway, 2017p.89). See Section 2 above for more details.
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Three Authors
Field, K., Holden, P. and Lawlor, H. (2000) Effective subject leadership. London: Routledge Falmer.
Cited as: Field, Holden and Lawlor (2000) or (Field, Holden and Lawlor, 2000)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Field, Holden and Lawlor (2000,
p.55) or (Field, Holden and Lawlor, 2000 p.55). See Section 2 above for more details.
Edwards, C.P., Gandini, L. and Forman, G.E. (2012) The hundred languages of children: the Reggio
Emilia experience in transformation. 3rd ed. Santa Barbara: Praeger.
Cited as: Edwards, Gandini and Forman (2012) or (Edwards, Gandini and Forman, 2012)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Edwards, Gandini and Forman
(2012, p.36) or (Edwards, Gandini and Forman, 2012 p.36). See Section 2 above for more details.
Four or more Authors
If a publication has more than three authors, give all the authors’ names in the full reference in the
order in which they are listed in the item:
Nemeth, E., Snyder, G., Hein, T., Whaley, B. and Mackin, D. (2018) Unix and Linux system
administration handbook. 5
th
ed. Boston: Addison-Wesley.
In your assignment, give just the name of the first author followed by et al. (Latin for and others) in
your citation.
Cited as: Nemeth et al. (2005) or (Nemeth et al., 2005)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Nemeth et al. (2005, p.21) or
(Nemeth et al., 2005 p.21). See Section 2 above for more details.
Edited by or compiled by
Treat the editor or compiler of a work in the same way as an author and indicate his/her function
in brackets, for example: (ed.), (comp.) in the full reference but not in the text.
Ghebre-Sellassie, I., Martin, C., Zhang, F. and DiNunzio, J. (eds.) (2018) Pharmaceutical extrusion
technology. 2
nd
ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Cited as: Ghebre-Sellassie et al. (2018) or (Ghebre-Sellassie et al., 2018)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Ghebre-Sellassie et al (2018, p.22)
or (Ghebre-Sellassie et al., 2018 p.22). See Section 2 above for more details.
No Author
If it is unclear who the author is, for example, a dictionary, use the title. This would normally then
be referred to by the title in the text and in the reference list:
14
Encarta Concise English Dictionary (2001) London: Bloomsbury.
Cited as: Encarta Concise English Dictionary (2001) or (Encarta Concise English Dictionary, 2001)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Encarta Concise English Dictionary
(2001, p.22) or (Encarta Concise English Dictionary, 2001 p.22). See Section 2 above for more
details.
Organisation/Society/Government Department
A publication where no individual/person is accredited as the author should be referenced using
the name of the organisation/society or Government department. For example:
Royal College of Nursing (2023) Accountability and delegation: your pocket guide [online]
Available at: https://www.rcn.org.uk/Professional-Development/Accountability-and-delegation
[Accessed: 9
th
November 2023]
If the organisation/society/department is well known by an acronym or initials, the first time you
cite them use the full name followed by its abbreviated name in brackets, for example:
…In its updated guidance on the topic the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) (2023) now
recommends …
If you need to refer to the organisation again, refer to it by its abbreviated name, RCN (2023) or
(RCN, 2023). Use the full name of the organisation in your reference list.
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Royal College of Nursing (RCN)
(2012, p.4) or (Royal College of Nursing (RCN), 2023 p.4). See Section 2 above for more details.
Anonymity in the interests of Confidentiality
You may sometimes need to withhold names to preserve confidentiality - such as on school or
hospital placements:
Hospital A (Name withheld, 2021) Title of the document
School A (Name withheld, 2014) Name of the Policy/website
Ofsted (year) Inspection under Section 9 of the Education (Schools) Act 1994: School A (Name
Withheld)
Cited as: Hospital A (Name withheld, 2021)
School A (Name withheld, 2014)
Ofsted (year)
Same Author Different Years
List works by the same author published in different years in chronological order (earliest first) in
your reference list.
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Blume, J. (1979) It’s not the end of the world. London: Heinemann.
Blume, J. (1989) Just as long as we’re together. London: Chivers.
Blume, J. (1993) Here’s to you, Rachel Robinson. London: Heinemann.
If you want to cite them together then it would be: Blume (1979; 1989; 1993) or (Blume, 1979;
1989; 1993)
Lareau, A. (2003) Unequal childhoods: class, race and family life. London: University of California
Press.
Lareau, A. (2015) Cultural knowledge and social inequality. Behaviour Modification, v.39 (1), pp.1-
27.
Cited at the same time as: Lareau (2003; 2015) or (Lareau, 2003; 2015)
Same Author Same Year
If you refer to more than one work by an author published in the same year, add a lower-case
letter in alphabetical order to the references after the year to differentiate between them.
Capel, S. (2010a) Learning to teach in the secondary school: a companion to school experience. 4
th
ed. Abington: Routledge.
Capel, S. (2010b) Learning to teach physical education in the secondary school: a companion to
school experience. 3
rd
ed. Abington: Routledge.
Cited as: Capel (2010a) or (Capel, 2010a) (Capel, 2010b) or (Capel, 2010b)
Cited at the same time: Capel (2010a; 2010b) or (Capel, 2010a; 2010b)
Quotes need a page number see Section 2 for more details. for example: Capel (2010a, p.25) or
(Capel, 2010a p.25)
To cite more than one source by the same author at the same point in your text, put them in
chronological order – earliest first.
Lareau, A. (2003) Unequal childhoods: class, race and family life. London: University of California
Press.
Lareau, A. (2015) Cultural knowledge and social inequality. Behaviour Modification, v.39 (1), pp.1-
27.
Cited as: Lareau (2003; 2015) or (Lareau, 2003; 2015)
16
Same Last Name and Year but Different Authors
If you are referring to items by different authors with the same last name published in the same year
include their initial to distinguish between them, for example:
(M. Smith, 2009) and (V. Smith, 2009) (P. Burgess, 2020) and (L. Burgess, 2020)
Citing in the text:
P. Burgess (2020) argues
It was argued (P. Burgess, 2020)
Citing Multiple Sources/Authors
If you refer to more than one item at the same point in your text, list the items in order of
publication date (earliest first), for example:
Several studies (Robinson, 1997; Jones, 2003; Patel, 2006)
References read about in other publications (Secondary sources/references)
You may want to cite a work which you have seen cited by another author. If you have not read
the original work, this is called a secondary source/reference. The citation for this work should
include both the author of the work you have read and the one you have not read. In your
reference list provide full details of the item which you have read.
For example: You read a book by Jones and on p.24 Jones has cited Smith, 1993. In your reference
list you put the details of the book you have read, in this case Jones. You reference would be:
Jones, R. (2003) Social change and educational reform. London: Routledge.
In your text you need to include both Jones and Smith:
Cited as: Smith (1993 cited in Jones, 2003 p.24) or (Smith, 1993 cited in Jones, 2003 p.24)
Your reader knows that they need to go to p.24 of Jones’ book and they will see what you read
about Smith.
You read a journal article by Tembrioti and Trangaridou published in 2013 and on p.5 they cite
Leijen, Lam, Wildschut and Simons, 2009. Your reference would be:
Tembrioti, L. and Trangaridou, N. (2013) Reflective practice in dance: a review of the literature.
Research in Dance Education [online], v.15 (1), pp.4-22.
Cited as: Leijen, Lam, Wildschut and Simons (2009 cited in Tembrioti and Trangaridou, 2013, p.5)
or (Leijen, Lam, Wildschut and Simons, 2009 cited in Tembrioti and Trangaridou, 2013, p.5)
17
Henry, C.J., Kaur, B. and Quek, R.Y.C. (2020) Chrononutrition in the management of diabetes.
Nutrition and Diabetes [First Published online 19
th
February 2020], v.10 (6). DOI: 10.1038/s41387-
020-0109-6
[Accessed: 4
th
March 2023]
Cited as: Kalsbeek, la Fleur and Fliers (2014 cited in Henry, Kaur and Quek, 2020, p.2) or (Kalsbeek,
la Fleur and Fliers, 2014 cited in Henry, Kaur and Quek, 2020 p.2)
You should always display the secondary citation as it appears in the document you are reading.
For example: there are 4 authors cited in the document – normally we would use et al, but you
need to keep it exactly as it is written. So, you would cite it as:
Radford, Bosanquet, Webster and Blatchford (2015 cited in Bowles, Radford and Bakopoulou,
2018, p.42) or (Radford, Bosanquet, Webster and Blatchford, 2015 cited in Bowles, Radford and
Bakopoulou, 2018, p.42)
Section Four: Compiling a Reference List
A reference list normally consists of full details of all the items you have referred to/cited in your
text. It is one list, A-Z by author’s last name regardless of whether they are references for books,
journal articles or other items. See below for a short example of a reference list.
Reference List
Capel, S. (2010a) Learning to teach in the secondary school: a companion to school experience. 4
th
ed. Abingdon: Routledge.
Capel, S. (2010b) Learning to teach physical education in the secondary school: a companion to
school experience. 3
rd
ed. Abingdon: Routledge.
Department for Education (2010) Children and young people [online]
Available at: http://www.education.gov.uk/childrenandyoungpeople
[Accessed: 19
th
February 2023]
Edwards, C.P., Gandini, L. and Forman, G.E. (2012) The hundred languages of children: the Reggio
Emilia experience in transformation. 3
rd
ed. Santa Barbara: Praeger.
Locke, J. (2007) An essay concerning human understanding. Book II: ideas (original published 1690:
amended and updated by Jonathan Bennett) [online]
Available at: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/locke1690book2.pdf
[Accessed: 22
nd
January 2023]
Parkinson, L. and Bebbington, M. (2012) David Cameron should give PE teachers a sporting chance.
The Guardian Teacher’s Blog [blog], 9
th
August 2012
Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/teacher-network/2012/aug/09/david-cameron-pe-
teachers-sporting
18
[Accessed: 10
th
January 2023]
Tembrioti, L. and Trangaridou, N. (2013) Reflective practice in dance: a review of the literature.
Research in Dance Education, v. 15 (1), pp.4-22.
UNICEF (2007) Article 28 [online video]
Available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWo0aYvx7xk&feature=relmfu
[Accessed: 19
th
April 2023]
Notes on the above list
• References to materials by the same author are arranged by their publication date
• Page numbers are only included in reference list entries for journal articles, conference
papers, edited book chapters and essays
• Check that you have included in your reference list full and accurate details of all the items
you have referred to in your assignment
Section Five: A-Z list of sample references
Abbreviating/Abbreviations
If the organisation/government department/society is well known by an acronym or its initials, use
the full name the first time you refer to them in your text followed by its abbreviated name in
brackets, for example:
Department for Education (DfE) (2018) or (Department for Education (DfE), 2018)
When you refer to them again you can use the abbreviated name: DfE (2018) or (DfE, 2018)
Use the full name of the organisation in your reference list, unless it is commonly known by the
abbreviation such as NHS, UNESCO etc.
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Royal College of Nursing (RCN)
(2019, p.45) or (Royal College of Nursing (RCN), 2019 p.45). See Section 2 above for more details.
Acts of Parliament/Bill
Title of the Act/Bill Year [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 [online]
Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2001/10/contents
[Accessed: 29
th
March 2023]
19
Cited by the title of the act with no italics or brackets: Special Educational Needs and Disability Act
2001
Police Act 1997: Chapter 50. London: The Stationery Office
Acts – non-UK legislation
Title of the Act/Bill Year (Country) [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 (India) [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Advanced Publication/Advanced Access Journal Articles
See Journal Articles - Advanced Access/Publication
Advertisements
Name of Company placing advert (year) Title of Advertisement [job advertisement]. Title of
Newspaper [online], date of publication.
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Print:
Liverpool Empire (2012) ‘Cinderella’ [advertisement]. Liverpool Echo, Thursday October 4, 2012.
p.19
AI Software
see Computer Programs/software
Amended or updated old texts
Because the text has been changed or altered, use the current date and acknowledge the original
year of publication after the title:
Locke, J. (2007) An essay concerning human understanding. Book II: ideas (original published 1690:
amended and updated by Jonathan Bennett) [online]
Available at: <http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/locke1690book2.pdf>
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: Locke (2007) or (Locke, 2007)
Meltzoff, J. and Kornreich, M. (2017) Research in Psychotherapy (originally published 1970, e-
version by Robin Fox) [online]. London: Routledge.
20
Available at: Research in Psychotherapy - Robin Fox - Google Books
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: Meltzoff and Kornreich (2017) or (Meltzoff and Kornreich, 2017)
Anonymity in the interests of Confidentiality
You may sometimes need to withhold names to preserve confidentiality - such as on school or
hospital placements:
Hospital A (Name withheld, 2021) Title of the document
Cited as: Hospital A (Name withheld, 2021) or (Hospital A, name withheld, 2021)
School A (Name withheld, 2014) Name of document/website
Ofsted (year) Inspection under Section 9 of the Education (Schools) Act 1994: School A (Name
Withheld)
Apps
This is for students using a specific App in a lab test and need to reference the app used. The
author would be the name of the Company who created the app.
Author (year) Title of the App [app]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Authors
If you can identify the name of a person or persons accredited with the creation of the source,
then that would be your author. Reference authors using their last name and their initials, no titles
or qualifications are used. For example:
Professor Stephen W. Hawking would be: Hawking, S.W.
Cited as: Hawking (1988) or (Hawking, 1988)
MELANIE M. DOMENECH RODRÍGUEZ PH.D., MELISSA R. DONOVICK M.S., SUSAN L.
CROWLEY PH.D. would be: Domenech Rodriguez, Donovick and Crowley
Cited as: Domenech Rodriguez, Donovick and Crowley (2009) or (Domenech Rodriguez,
Donovick and Crowley, 2009)
All the authors accredited should be included in the reference in the order they appear on the title
page.
Publications by an editor need to have an abbreviation to signify this in the reference list. For
example:
21
Edited by Geoffrey Campbell-Platt would be: Campbell-Platt, G. (ed.)
Cited as: Campbell-Platt (2012) or (Campbell-Platt, 2012)
For publications been written by an organisation or society, with no named person, you should use
the organisation/society as the author. For example: Joseph Rowntree Foundation
Cited as: Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2018) or (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2018)
See Section 3: Authors for more details.
Blogs
Author (year) Title of individual blog entry. Blog title [blog], Blog posting date
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Berry, I. (2011) Art of the week [blog], 18th April 2011
Available at: http://www.artinliverpool.com/blog/
[Accessed: 19
th
April 2022]
Cited in the body of your assignment as: (Berry, 2011) or Berry (2011)
Quotations: you can use a paragraph or line number to pinpoint the location: (Berry, 2011 para.3)
or Berry (2011, para.3) (Berry, 2011 line 24) or Berry (2011, line 24)
Newspaper blogs
Parkinson, L. and Bebbington, M. (2012) David Cameron should give PE teachers a sporting chance.
The Guardian Teacher’s Blog [blog], 9
th
August 2012
Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/teacher-network/2012/aug/09/david-cameron-pe-
teachers-sporting
[Accessed: 10
th
January 2022]
Cited as: Bebbington and Parkinson (2012) or (Bebbington and Parkinson, 2012)
Quotations: you can use a paragraph or line number to pinpoint the location: Bebbington and
Parkinson (2012, para.3) or (Bebbington and Parkinson, 2012 para.3)
Books
Checklist of details to include in a reference to a printed book, which you can be located on the title
page and back of the title page.
Author's name – Last name and initials
(Year of publication in brackets)
22
Title and subtitle (if any) of the book, this is normally underlined or set in italics
Edition (only include this if it is a second onwards)
Place of publication – town or city normally in UK
Publisher's name
Author/s (year) Title of the book. Edition if second onwards. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Please Note: some lecturers may ask you provide the web details of eBooks which you have
accessed via the library search tool Discover, see eBooks for examples.
One Author
Birla, R. (2014) Introduction to tissue engineering applications and challenges. Hoboken: Wiley.
Cited as: Birla (2014) or (Birla, 2014)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Birla (2014, p.45) or (Birla, 2014
p.45). See Section 2 above for more details.
Two Authors
Gopee, N. and Galloway, J. (2019) Leadership and healthcare. 3
rd
ed. London: Sage.
Cited as: Gopee and Galloway (2019) or (Gopee and Galloway, 2019)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Gopee and Galloway (2019, p.89)
or (Gopee and Galloway, 2019 p.89). See Section 2 above for more details.
Three Authors
Lovász, L., Pelikán, J. and Vesztergombi, K. (2003) Discrete mathematics: elementary and beyond.
New York: Springer.
Cited as: Lovász, Pelikán and Vesztergombi (2003) or (Lovász, Pelikán and Vesztergombi, 2003)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Lovász, Pelikán and Vesztergombi
(2003, p.63) or (Lovász, Pelikán and Vesztergombi, 2003 p.63). See Section 2 above for more
details.
Four or more Authors
If a publication has more than three authors, give all the authors’ names in the full reference in the
order in which they are listed in the item:
Bhattacharya, S., Alexander, N., Lombardi, D. and Ghosh, S. (2015) Fundamentals of engineering
mathematics. London: ICE Publishing.
In your assignment, give just the name of the first author followed by et al. (Latin for and others) in
your citation:
23
Cited as: Bhattacharya et al. (2015) or (Bhattacharya et al., 2015)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: (Bhattacharya et al., 2015 p.55) or
Bhattacharya et al. (2015, p.15). See Section 2 above for more details.
Books Edited by or Compiled by
Treat the editor or compiler of a work in the same way as an author and indicate his/her function
in brackets, for example: (ed.), (comp.) in the full reference but not in the text.
Hansen, A. (ed.) (2020) Children's errors in mathematics. 5
th
ed. London: Learning Matters.
Cited as: Hansen (2020) or (Hansen, 2020)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Hansen (2020, p.17) or (Hansen,
2020 p.17). See Section 2 above for more details.
Johnston-Wilder, S., Lee, C.A. and Pimm, D. (eds.) (2017) Learning to teach mathematics in the
secondary school: a companion to school experience. 4
th
ed. London: Routledge.
Cited as: Johnston-Wilder, Lee and Pimm (2017, p.23) or (Johnston-Wilder, Lee and Pimm, 2017
p.23).
No Author
If it is unclear who the author is, for example, a dictionary, use the title. This would normally then
be referred to by the title in the text and in the reference list:
Encarta Concise English Dictionary (2001) London: Bloomsbury.
Cited as: Encarta Concise English Dictionary (2001) or (Encarta Concise English Dictionary, 2001)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Encarta Concise English Dictionary
(2001, p.22) or (Encarta Concise English Dictionary, 2001 p.22). See Section 2 above for more
details.
Items by an Organisation/Society/Government Department
If a publication is produced by an organisation and no individual is credited as the author, treat the
organisation as the author.
Royal College of Nursing (2011) Accountability and delegation: what you need to know. London:
Royal College of Nursing.
If the organisation is well known by an acronym or its initials, the first time you refer to their item,
provide the organisation’s full name in your text followed by its abbreviated name in brackets, for
example:
…In its updated guidance on the topic the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) (2011) now
recommends …
24
If you need to refer to the organisation again, refer to it by its abbreviated name. Use the full
name of the organisation in your reference list.
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Royal College of Nursing (RCN)
(2011, p.45) or (Royal College of Nursing (RCN), 2011 p.45). See Section 2 above for more details.
Anonymising or hiding the author for confidentiality see Anonymity in the interests of
confidentiality.
Book Chapters
If the chapter is not from an edited book, then you need to reference the whole book.
Chapter from Edited Book
This is a chapter from an edited book where the title page states it was “edited by…” or “Compiled
by…” someone. An individual author has written each chapter and, in some instance, has separate
publication dates/year.
To cite a chapter from an edited book, you need to include the details of that chapter and also the
full details of the book in the reference list. In the text you need to cite the author of the chapter
and year of the book not the editor.
Author/s of the Chapter (year) Title of the Chapter. In: Editor/s (ed/s.) (year if different to the
chapter if not leave out) Title of the Book in italics. Edition if second onwards. Place of Publication:
Publisher pages
Ward-Penny, R. (2017) Mathematics and the national curriculum. In: Johnston-Wilder, S., Lee, C.A.
and Pimm, D. (eds.) Learning to teach mathematics in the secondary school: a companion to school
experience. 4
th
ed. London: Routledge pp.13-31
Cited as: Ward-Penny (2017) or (Ward-Penny, 2017)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Ward-Penny (2017, p.23) or
(Ward-Penny, 2017 p.23.) See Section 2 above for more details.
Chapter from an Edited Book online
If the book is not written/compiled by an editor, you should reference the whole book.
If the eBook is from within LJMU library collections then you can reference an eBook in the same
way as a printed book as above. If you are asked to include or want to include the web details for
an eBook or the eBook is from the web, for example Google, then it would be referenced as
follows:
Author/s of Chapter (year) Title of the chapter. In: Editor/s (year) (ed./eds.) Title of the book
[online]. Edition if second onwards. Place of Publication: Publisher pages
25
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
** only include the year after the editors if is different to the year of the chapter
Harwell, M.R. (2011) Research design in qualitative/quantitative/mixed methods In: Conrad, C.F.
and Serlin, R.C. (eds.) The Sage handbook for research in education: pursuing ideas as the keystone
of exemplary inquiry [online]. London: Sage pp.147-182
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: Harwell (2011) or (Harwell, 2011)
Chapter online- PDF
A PDF of single book chapter online, which may or may not have all the details – so give what you
can.
Author/s of Chapter (year) Title of the chapter. In: Editor/s (year) (ed./eds.) Title of the book
[online chapter]. Edition if second onwards. Place of Publication: Publisher pages
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Norton, D.E. (2002) Evaluating and selecting literature for children. In: Through the eyes of a child:
an Introduction to children's literature [online chapter]. 6
th
ed. London: Pearson Prentice Hall
pp.74-115
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
If you cannot find all the details, then give what you can:
Author (year) Title of the chapter in italics [online chapter], pp.??
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Sage Edge (n.d.) Chapter 13: Quantitative Data Analysis [online chapter], pp.375-416
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Book Editions
If you do not see an edition indicated on the title page or back of the title page, then you do not
need to include this information in the book reference. You do not put 1
st
this is assumed.
You only need to put an edition statement in a book reference if it is the second edition onwards.
Edition statements appear are abbreviated to numbers followed by ed., for example: 2
nd
ed.; 3
rd
ed.; 4
th
ed. etc. and it would follow the title of the book.
26
El-Hawary, M. E. (2002) Principles of electric machines with power electronic applications. 2
nd
ed.
Piscataway: Wiley and IEEE Xplore.
Ljung, L. (1999) System identification theory for the user. 2
nd
ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
Revised, Reissue, Updated or Classic Editions are abbreviated, for example: Rev. ed.; Rev. 2
nd
ed.;
Classic ed.; Updated ed.; Reissue ed.
Liger-Belair, G. (2013) Uncorked: the science of Champagne. Rev. ed. Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
Tripp. D. (2012) Critical incidents in teaching developing professional judgement. Classic ed.
London: Routledge.
Widrow, B. and Walach, E. (2008) Adaptive inverse control: a signal processing approach. Reissue
ed. Piscataway: Wiley and IEEE Press.
Amended Editions: because the text has been changed or altered, use the current date and
acknowledge the original year of publication after the title:
Locke, J. (2007) An essay concerning human understanding. Book II: ideas (originally published
1690: amended and updated by Jonathan Bennett) [online]
Available at: <http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/locke1690book2.pdf
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: Locke (2007) or (Locke, 2007)
Translated Editions: acknowledge who translated the text.
Piaget, J. (1968) Genetic epistemology (lecture translated by Eleanor Duckworth) [online]
Available at: https://openlibrary.org/books/OL13572363M/Genetic_epistemology.
[Accessed: 22
nd
June 2023]
Cited as: Piaget (1968) or (Piaget, 1968)
British Standards
Print
British Standards Institution (year) Number and name of the standard. London: British Standards
Institute.
British Standards Institution (2013) BS EN ISO5526:2013 Cereals, pulses and other food grains.
Nomenclature. London: British Standards Institute.
Electronic
British Standards Institution (year) Number and name of the standard [online]
Available through: https://bsol.bsigroup.com
27
[Accessed: date]
British Standards Institution (2013) BS EN ISO5526:2013 Cereals, pulses and other food grains.
Nomenclature [online]
Available through: https://bsol.bsigroup.com
[Accessed: 5
th
April 2022]
Cited as: British Standards Institution (2013) or (British Standards Institution, 2013)
Brochure
Author/Company Name (year) Title of the brochure (Brochure). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Author/Company Name (year) Title of the brochure (Brochure) [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Team Côte d’Azur (n.d.) Côte d’Azur: decision centre for the tourism industry (Brochure) [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Case Studies
Author (year) Title of the case study (case study). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Author (year) Title of the case study (case study) [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Tejenda, A. (2011) The National Strategies: power of reading - raising achievement in literacy
through enjoyment and creativity (case study) [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: Tejenda (2011) or (Tejenda, 2011)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Tejenda (2011, p.8) or (Tejenda,
2011 p.8). See Section 2 above for more details.
CDs
Shostakovich, D. (1959) Cello Concerto No.1, performed by Maria Klieg and Polish National
Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Antoni Wit [CD] New York: Sony.
Cited as: Shostakovich (1959) or (Shostakovich, 1959)
28
Chapters
Chapter from an Edited Book
The title page of an edited or compiled will say “Edited by…” or “Compiled by…” someone and
each chapter is written by different authors, in some instance, they may have a separate
publication dates/year.
To cite a chapter from an edited book, you need to include the details of that chapter and also the
full details of the book in the reference list. In the text you need to cite the author of the chapter
and year of the book not the editor.
Author/s of the Chapter (year) Title of the Chapter. In: Editor/s (ed./eds.) (year) Title of the Book in
italics. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher pages
** If the chapter has a different year to the book, then you need to include both years:
Ward-Penny, R. (2017) Mathematics and the national curriculum. In: Johnston-Wilder, S., Lee, C.A.
and Pimm, D. (eds.) Learning to teach mathematics in the secondary school: a companion to school
experience. 4
th
ed. London: Routledge pp.13-31
Cited as: Ward-Penny (2017) or (Ward-Penny, 2017)
Quotations should be followed by a page number. See Section 2 above for more details. for
example: Ward-Penny (2017, p.23) or (Ward-Penny, 2017 p.23)
Chapter from an Edited Book online
If the book is within LJMU library collections, then you can reference an eBook in the same way as
a printed book. If it is not, then you need to include the web details or if you are asked to include
the web details for an eBook by your lecturer then it would be referenced as follows:
Author/s of Chapter (year) title of the chapter. In: Author/s (ed) Title of the book [online]. Edition if
second onwards. Place of Publication: Publisher pages
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Harwell, M.R. (2011) Research design in qualitative/quantitative/mixed methods In: Conrad, C.F.
and Serlin, R.C. (eds.) The Sage handbook for research in education: pursuing ideas as the keystone
of exemplary inquiry [online]. London: Sage pp.147-182
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: Harwell (2011) or (Harwell, 2011)
Quotations should have a page number. See Section 2 above for more details, for example:
Harwell (2011, p.162) or (Harwell, 2011 p.162)
29
If the book is not written/compiled by an editor, you should reference the whole book.
Chapter online - single chapter PDF
A PDF of individual book chapter online, which may or may not have all the editor details:
Norton, D.E. (2002) Evaluating and selecting literature for children. In: Through the eyes of a child:
an Introduction to children's literature [online chapter]. 6
th
ed. London: Pearson Prentice Hall
pp.74-115
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: Norton (2002) or (Norton, 2002)
Author (year) Title of the chapter in italics [online chapter], pp.3-19
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Chapter online - Thesis/Dissertation
Author (year) Title of the Chapter. In: Title of the Thesis [online chapter], Level of study,
Place/University of study pp.-pp.
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Command Papers
Different abbreviations have been used to identify command papers, use the abbreviation in force
when the command paper was published, for example:
Cd. for those published 1900-1918; Cmd. for those published 1919-1956
Cmnd. for those published 1956-1986; Cm. for those published since 1986
Denning, A.T. (1963) Report in the light of circumstances surrounding the resignation of the former
Secretary of State for War, Mr. J.D. Profumo (Cmnd.2152). London: H.M.S.O.
Home Office (1978) Reform of Section 2 of the Official Secrets Act 1911 (Cmnd.7285). London:
H.M.S.O.
Computer Programs/software
Programs/software are cited by its name in the text without mention of its release date. You
should include the version or release number in the reference list entry.
Author (year) Title of the program (version) [computer program]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
QSR International (2021) NVIVO for Windows (1.5.935) [computer program]
30
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: NVIVO (QSR International, 2021) was used…
OpenAI (2023) ChatGPT (May 3 version) [AI software]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: ChatGPT (Open AI, 2023) was used…
Conference Papers/Proceedings
Author/s (year) Title of the paper. Title of the Conference, Place of conference, date of conference
Author/s (year) Title of the paper. Title of the Conference [online], Place of conference, date of
conference
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Bugis, R. and Sapsuha, S. (2013) Think pair share technique to improve students’ reading
comprehension. ICE-Ed Conference ELT Practices in Asia: Challenges and Opportunities [online],
Manila, Philippines, 26
th
- 28
th
October
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: Bugis and Sapsuha (2013) or (Bugis and Sapsuha, 2013)
Palmer, M. (2008) Maths and dyslexia. Proceedings of the British Society for Research into Learning
Mathematics [online], East Anglia, 28 March, v.28 (1), pp.41-46.
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: Palmer (2008) or (Palmer, 2008)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Palmer (2008, p.43) or (Palmer,
2008 p.43). See Section 2 above for more details.
Brown, M. Askew, M. Millet, A. (2003) How has the national numeracy strategy affected
attainment and teaching in year 4? Proceedings of the British Society for Research into Learning
Mathematics [online], Oxford, 7 June v.23 (2), pp.13-18.
Available at: http://www.bsrlm.org.uk/informalproceddings.html
[Accessed: 5
th
April 2022]
Cited as: Brown, Askew and Millet (2003) or (Brown, Askew and Millet, 2003)
31
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Brown, Askew and Millet (2003
p.14) or (Brown, Askew and Millet, 2003 p.14). See Section 2 above for more details.
Confidentiality
Sometimes names need to withheld for confidentiality- such as school placements or medical
documents:
Hospital A (Name withheld, year) Name of document
Hospital (Name withheld, year) Name of document
School A (Name withheld, 2014) School Behaviour Policy/website
School (Name withheld, 2014) Name of the Policy/website
Ofsted (year) Inspection under Section 9 of the Education (Schools) Act 1994: School A (Name
Withheld)
Conversations
Surname, Initial (year) Conversation with Name of Person. Date of the conversation.
Please Note: that none of the details should be set in italics.
Court cases
This advice is intended for students in subject areas other than law who need to refer to court
cases infrequently. Law students should normally provide OSCOLA style references when citing
legal authorities.
Format for in-text citations: (Names of parties involved, Year)
(R v Jones, 2009) or R v Jones (2009)
Full reference:
Names of parties involved [Year] Standard abbreviated name of law report, volume number (if
available), pages (if available)
R v Jones [2009] EWCA Crim, 120
Standard abbreviations of titles and the full forms of standard title abbreviations are available
from http://www.legalabbrevs.cardiff.ac.uk/
Interfile full references to court cases in your reference list under the first party to the case.
32
Dance Performances from a collection on a DVD
You may want to cite an individual dance which is part of a compilation on a DVD or from an
online source.
Choreographer (original year of performance) Title of the /dance. In: Title of the compilation (year)
[online video/DVD]. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Dudley, J. (1934) Harmonica breakdown. In: The new dance gala historical concert retrospective
1930s-1970s (2008) [online DVD]. Dallas: Dancetime Publications.
Available at: http://daiv.alexanderstreet.com/view/1630420
[Accessed: 22nd October 2022]
Cited as: Dudley (1934) or (Dudley, 1934)
Dictionary definitions
If you are referring to a definition rather than the whole dictionary:
English Oxford Dictionary (2018) Stigma (definition) [online]
Available at: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/stigma
[Accessed: 24
th
April 2022]
Cited as: English Oxford Dictionary (2018) or (English Oxford Dictionary, 2018)
Drug Monograph
This is how to reference a description/summary of a drug from a professional manual/handbook
such as the British National Formulary (BNF).
Joint Formulary Committee (2020) British National Formulary: Levocitirizine
hydrochloride [online]. London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press.
Available through: http://www.medicinescomplete.com
[Accessed: 1
st
October 2023]
Please Note: the name of the drug is not in italics and the URL/weblink take the reader to the
home age of Medicines Complete.
DVDs/CDs
Eat, Pray, Love (2010) [DVD] Directed by Ryan Murphy. USA: Columbia Pictures (133 mins)
Shostakovich, D. (1959) Cello concerto no.1, performed by Maria Klieg & Polish National Symphony
Orchestra, conducted by Antoni Wit. [CD]. New York: Sony.
DVDs for Film/Screen School Students only
33
You need to include the name of the director along with the year on the initial citation/first
citation. For example:
Murphy, R. (2010) Eat, Pray, Love [DVD] Directed by Ryan Murphy. USA: Columbia Pictures (133
mins)
Cited as: Eat, Pray, Love (Murphy, 2007) or In Murphy’s (2010) film Eat, Pray, Love
Once the director and year have been established within an essay they need not be repeated.
In a dissertation, the director and year need to be re-established when starting a new chapter.
You may want to quote a specific section from the DVD so use the 24-hour clock to indicate the
starting point: for example: Million Dollar Baby (2005: 00:04:30) or (Million Dollar Baby, 2005:
00:04:30)
Format could be: [extract, DVD] [extract, online video] [extract, Film]
eBooks
If the book is within LJMU library collections, then you can reference an eBook in the same way as
a printed book.
If you found the eBook on the web, for example in Google that is not in LJMU Library or you are
asked to include web details web details, then reference it as follows:
Author/s (year) Title of the book [online]. Edition if second onwards. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Available at: Web location/ URL -this is a link or web address for the book
[Accessed: date]
Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project: a guide for first-time researchers [online]. 6
th
ed.
Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Available at: https://ljmu-
primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/f/kb8geu/44JMU_ALMA_DS2151821990003826
[Accessed: 8
th
December 2022]
Cited as: Bell (2014) or (Bell, 2014)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Bell (2014, p.22) or (Bell, 2014
p.22). See Section 2 above for more details.
Sharpe, J. (2005) Remember, Remember: A cultural history of Guy Fakes Day [online]. Cambridge,
Ma: Harvard University Press.
Available at:
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hYYSKgMpAxIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: Sharpe (2005) or (Sharpe, 2005)
34
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Sharpe (2005, p.33) or (Sharpe,
2005 p.33). See Section 2 above for more details.
Editions
see Book Editions
Edited Book
Some books are compiled/put together by an editor and each chapter has a different author. To
reference an edited book, you need to tell the reader that it is an edited book using an
abbreviation: (ed.) for a single editor and (eds.) for multiple editors. For example:
Hassan, D. (ed.) (2018) Managing Sport Business: an introduction. 2
nd
ed. New York: Routledge.
Cited as: Hassan (2018) or (Hassan, 2018)
Dasen, P.R. and Akkari, A. (eds.) (2008) Educational theories and practices from the majority world.
Delhi: Sage.
Cited as: Dasen and Akkari (2008) or (Dasen and Akkari, 2008)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Dasen and Akkari (2008, p.97) or
Dasen and Akkari, 2008 p.97). See Section 2 above for more details.
Email messages
Sender Surname, Initial (email address) date of the email
Title of the email. Email to Name of Recipient (recipient’s email address)
Bukahil, M. ([email protected]) 23rd January 2023
Updating policy. Email to Alex Docherty ([email protected])
Cited as: Bukahil (2023) or (Bukahil, 2023)
Excel Spreadsheet
Author (year) Title of the spreadsheet (Excel spreadsheet) [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Department of Health (2012) NDNS headline results from year 1, 2 and 3 combined (Excel
spreadsheet) [online]
Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/national-diet-and-nutrition-survey-
headline-results-from-years-1-2-and-3-combined-of-the-rolling-programme-200809-201011
[Accessed: 18
th
September 2022]
35
Cited as: Department of Health (2012) or (Department of Health, 2012)
Use the line number or cell number to pinpoint specific information: Department of Health (2012,
line 10) or Department of Health (2012, B22)
Extracts
Extracts from a CD/DVD/Film/Video
You may want to refer to a specific part or extract from a full-length item. You should reference
the item in the following way providing the starting point within the film/track and the end time of
the extract.
Title of the film/Video/DVD (year) [format]. Directed by....... Place of Production: Production
Company. Start-end time of extract using 24-hour clock
Format could be noted as: [extract, DVD] [extract, online video] [extract, Film]
The following example is a 2 minutes and 5 seconds extract from a film:
Million Dollar Baby (2005) [extract, Film]. Directed by Clint Eastwood. USA: Warner Brothers. (148
mins) 00:04:30-00:06:35 mins
Cited as: (Million Dollar Baby, 2005)
You may want to quote a specific part from the DVD so use the 24-hour clock to indicate the
starting point: Million Dollar Baby (2005: 00:04:30) or (Million Dollar Baby, 2005: 00:04:30)
Extracts from a Film for Film/Screen School Students only
You need to include the name of the director along with the year on the initial citation/first
citation. For example:
Penn, L. (2007) Into the Wild [Film]. Directed by Sean Penn. USA: MGM (148 mins)
Cited as: Into the Wild (Penn, 2007) or In Penn’s (2007) film Into the Wild
Please Note: once the director and year have been established within an essay they need not be
repeated.
In a dissertation, the director and year need to be re-established when starting a new chapter.
You may want to quote a specific part from the DVD so use the 24-hour clock to indicate the
starting point: Into the Wild (Penn, 2007: 00:25:35) or In Penn’s (2007: 00:25:35) film Into the
Wild
Extracts from a journal article online
Author (year) Title of the article [extract]. Title of the Journal in italics [online], v. (issue), pp-pp.
Available at:
36
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: Author (year) or (Author, year)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Author (year, p.?) or (Author, year
p.?). See Section 2 above for more details.
Extract from a thesis/dissertation online
Author (year) Title of the Thesis (extract from Master thesis) [online], Level of study,
Place/University of study pp.-pp
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Films
It is usually sufficient to quote the film's title in the text of an essay. Include the date only if more
than one film with the same title has been made. The entry in your reference list should include
the director's name, country of origin and length.
Into the Wild (2007) [Film]. Directed by Sean Penn. USA: MGM (148 mins)
Cited as: Into the Wild (2007) or (Into the Wild, 2007)
You may want to quote a specific section - use the 24-hour clock to indicate the starting point:
Into the Wild (2007: 00:22:30) or (Into the Wild, 2007: 00:22:30)
Films for Film/Screen School Students only
You need to include the name of the director along with the year on the initial citation/first
citation. For example:
Penn, L. (2007) Into the Wild [Film]. Directed by Sean Penn. USA: MGM (148 mins)
Cited as: Into the Wild (Penn, 2007) or In Penn’s (2007) film Into the Wild
Once the director and year have been established within an essay they need not be repeated.
In a dissertation, the director and year need to be re-established when starting a new chapter.
Government Reports
See Reports
Graphs and Tables
Author (year) Title of the Book. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Cited as: (Author, year p.??)
37
If it was in a report/PDF:
Author (year) Title of the document [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: (Author, year p.??)
The citation would go under the graph or table in brackets as well as in your paragraphs if you are
talking about it. You could provide the title of the graph under the image followed by the author
and year.
Guests/Visiting speakers from a commercial company
See Speeches
House of Commons Briefing Paper
See Reports
Images
Image from a book
Author of book (year) Title of the book. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Cited as: (Author, year, p.??)
The citation would go under the image in brackets as well as in your paragraphs if you are talking
about it.
Images from Microsoft Office: PowerPoint stock images
Microsoft Office PowerPoint has “stock images” which have little information. Use the launch date
as the year. If you click on the Alt Text icon, a description will appear in a side panel – use this as
the title.
Microsoft Office 365 (2011) White Flowers blossoming on a green background (PowerPoint Stock
Image) [online Image]
Available at: https://www.office.com/
[Accessed: 28
th
October 2022]
Cited as: (Microsoft Office 365, 2011)
Alternatively, you may want to use a number system (Image 1) (Image 2) etc. This can be useful if
you are using multiple images in a poster or PowerPoint presentation, as it looks cleaner, if you
cannot locate all the details for an image.
Image 1:
38
Microsoft Office 365 (2011) White Flowers blossoming on a green background (PowerPoint Stock
Image) [online Image]
Available at: https://www.office.com/
[Accessed: 28
th
October 2022]
Cited as: (Image 1)
The citation goes under the image in brackets, as well as in your paragraphs if you write about it.
In the reference list the full reference would be under I for Image (see example reference lists).
Images online
For images found on the internet the required elements for a reference are:
Author or owner of website (Year image created) Title of work [online image]
Available at: include web site address/URL
[Accessed: date]
If there is no date use (n.d.) which is short for no date
Images – online no author accredited
Where the author is not known, begin the reference with the title of the work
Alcoholic Beverages [online image] (n.d.)
Available from: www.microsoft.com
[Accessed: 25
th
January 2022]
Cited as: (Alcoholic Beverages, n.d.)
Images online – no title
If you cannot find details such as author, date, or title, try to find the filename of the image, for
example: right click and look at the properties of the file. If none of the above can be found begin
the reference with the subject and title of the work. Put square brackets around the title to
indicate it is not the “official title.”
[Child placing gauze over knee wound] [online image] (n.d.)
Available at: http://www.dadpal.com/2009/12/wounds-care-help-and-wound-vac-herapy.html
[Accessed: 23
rd
November 2022]
Cited as: (Child placing gauze, n.d.)
Images- your own photographs/drawings
When using your own photographs/ pictures/electronic productions, you are be the artist/author
Author (year) Title of the image/artwork [Image], unpublished work
Author (year) Title of the image [photograph], unpublished work
39
Fealey, J. (2019) Children at play [photograph], unpublished work
Cited as: (Fealey, 2019) or (Fealey, 2019)
Images from social media
Burnett, D. (2019) Zendaya animatronic dress [Instagram image] 8th May.
Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/BxNiabZHpO-/
[Accessed: 10th March 2021]
Cited as: Burnett (2019) or (Burnett, 2019)
Industry/Trade Magazines or Publications Articles
Some trade or industry produced magazines do not have authors attributed to articles/
news/pieces. In these cases, treat the name/title of the magazine as the author and the title of the
piece as the article title. Some magazines may have issue or part number so include those details,
but you do not need any brackets.
Title of the Magazine (year) Title of the article. Title of the Magazine, date of publication, number
if there is one, page
Travel Bulletin (2012) New research finds industry could do more to help disabled people. Travel
Bulletin, 5 October, no.1797, p.3
OR
Travel Bulletin (2012) New research finds industry could do more to help disabled people. Travel
Bulletin, 5 October, no.1797, p.3-3
Cited as: Travel Bulletin (2012) or (Travel Bulletin, 2012)
Please Note: some lecturers may ask for the web details of articles:
Title of the Magazine (year) Title of the article. Title of the Magazine [online], date of publication
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Travel Bulletin (2012) New research finds industry could do more to help disabled people. Travel
Bulletin [online], 5 October, no.1797, p.3
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
OR
Travel Bulletin (2012) New research finds industry could do more to help disabled people. Travel
Bulletin [online], 5 October, no.1797, p.3-3
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: Travel Bulletin (2012) or (Travel Bulletin, 2012)
40
Infographics
Creator/Author Name (year) Title of The Infographic [infographic]
Available at:
[Accessed: date??]
Department of Health and Social Care and Office for Health Improvement and Disparities (2022)
UK Chief Medical Officers’ physical activity for disabled children and disabled young people
[infographic]
Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/physical-activity-guidelines-disabled-
children-and-disabled-young-people
[Accessed: 18
th
October 2023]
Cited as: Department of Health and Social Care and Office for Health Improvement and Disparities
(2022) or (Department of Health and Social Care and Office for Health Improvement and
Disparities, 2022)
Interviews
Email interview
Name of Person Interviewed (year) Interview of the interview [email interview by name of
interviewer], date
Fealey, J. (2023) Test interview [email interview by Pauline Smith], 3rd November
Cited as: Fealey (2023) or (Fealey, 2023)
Face-to-Face interviews
Name of Person Interviewed (year) Interview by name of interviewer. Place, date
Blair, T. (2009) Interview by Jeremy Paxman. London, 22nd September
Cited as: Blair (2009) or (Blair, 2009)
Radio interviews
Name of Person Interviewed (year) Title of the interview if any [interview by name of Interviewer]
Title of the Broadcast [online], Place, date
Blair, H. (2009) Being a mother at forty [interview by Jane Smith] Woman's Hour [online], BBC
Radio 4, 18th September
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Quotations- use the 24-hour clock. See Section 2 above for more details.
41
TV interviews
Name of Person Interviewed (year) title of the interview if any [interview by name of Interviewer]
Title of the Broadcast [online], Place (if known), date
Rogers, B. (2014) Interviewed for SkySports. SkyNews [online], 18th January
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Dooley, S. (2013) Interviewed on Breakfast News [online video], 3rd January
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Saul, R. (2014) New book claims ADHD does not exist interviewed on Fox & Friends. Fox News
[online video], 18
th
February
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Quotations- use the 24-hour clock. See Section 2 above for more details.
Video Interviews – non TV/Radio
Slightly different as there are no square brackets around the name of the interviewer- this is to
avoid 2 sets of square brackets next to each other.
Name of Person Interviewed (year) title of the interview if any. Interview by name of Interviewer
[online video], date
Snowling, M. (2017) Professor Maggie Snowling interview part 1 Dyslexia Cardiff. Interview by
Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health [online video], 29th September
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Quotations- use the 24-hour clock. See Section 2 above for more details.
Journal Articles
These are the details to include in a reference for a journal article:
Author's name – Last name, initial
Year of publication in brackets
Title and subtitle (if any) of the article
Title of the journal in italics
Volume number
Part/Issue Number/Season or Month
Pages – start and end
42
Author/s (year) Title of the article. Title of the Journal, volume (issue/part number/month or
season), pages.
Journal volume, part or issue and page numbers can be presented in several ways, choose one and
use it consistently, for example:
6 (4), 30-31 or V.6 (4), pp.30-31 or Vol.6, part 4, pp.30-31
Please Note: Some lecturers may ask you provide the web details of journal articles, see Journal
Article – electronic details for examples.
Reichard, R. and Johnson, S.K. (2011) Leader self-development as organizational strategy. The
Leadership Quarterly, v.22 (1), pp.32-42.
Cited: Reichard and Johnson (2011) or (Reichard and Johnson, 2011)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Reichard and Johnson (2011, p.33)
or (Reichard and Johnson, 2011 p.33). See Section 2 above for more details.
Sun, Y.Y., Sie, L., Faturay, F., Auwalin, I. and Wang, J. (2021) Who are vulnerable in a tourism crisis?
A tourism employment vulnerability analysis for the COVID-19 management. Journal of Hospitality
and Tourism Management, v.49 (December), pp.304-308.
Cited as: Sun et al (2021) or (Sun et al., 2021)
For more guidance about articles written by more than one author, see section 3: Authors.
Journal Articles - Advanced Access/Publication
Some journal articles are published online prior to their print or final publication date and are
known as Advanced Access or Online First Articles.For more information about how to reference
these see Journal articles without volume, issue or page details
Journal Articles: electronic details
Some lecturers require you to provide the web location for online/electronic journal articles, so
you need to include some additional details in the reference. This would be [online] and also
either a web address/link, a full DOI web link or a DOI.
Web address/weblink:
Author/s (year) Title of the article. Title of the Journal [online], volume (issue/part), pp.-pp.
Available at: weblink/URL
[Accessed: date]
de Ataide e Silva, T., Di Cavalcanti Alves de Souza, M.E., de Amorim, J.F., Stathis, C.G., Leandro,
C.G. and Lima-Silva, A.E. (2013) Can carbohydrate mouth rinse improve performance during
exercise? A systematic review. Nutrients [online], v.6 (1), pp.1-10.
43
Available at: https://www.proquest.com/docview/1537094224?accountid=12118&pq-
origsite=primo
[Accessed: 8
th
December 2022]
Full DOI weblink:
Author/s (year) Title of the article. Title of the Journal [online], volume (issue/part), pp.-pp.
Available at: full DOI link
[Accessed: date]
de Ataide e Silva, T., Di Cavalcanti Alves de Souza, M.E., de Amorim, J.F., Stathis, C.G., Leandro,
C.G. and Lima-Silva, A.E. (2013) Can carbohydrate mouth rinse improve performance during
exercise? A systematic review. Nutrients [online], v.6 (1), pp.1-10.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6010001
[Accessed: 8
th
December 2022]
DOI:
Author/s (year) Title of the article. Title of the Journal [online], volume (issue/part), pp.-pp. DOI:
number?
[Accessed: date]
de Ataide e Silva, T., Di Cavalcanti Alves de Souza, M.E., de Amorim, J.F., Stathis, C.G., Leandro,
C.G. and Lima-Silva, A.E. (2013) Can carbohydrate mouth rinse improve performance during
exercise? A systematic review. Nutrients [online], v.6 (1), pp.1-10. DOI: 10.3390/nu6010001
[Accessed: 8
th
December 2022]
Cited as: de Ataide e Silva et al. (2013) or (de Ataide e Silva et al., 2013)
Quotations should be followed by a page number for example: de Ataide e Silva et al. (2013, p.2)
or (de Ataide e Silva et al., 2013 p.2). See Section 2 above for more details.
If the journal article has no volume number but has seasons and pages:
Author (year) Title of the article. Title of the Journal [online], season/month, pages.
Available at: web address/link or full DOI weblink
[Accessed: date]
Author (year) Title of the article. Title of the Journal [online], season/month, pages. DOI:
[Accessed: date]
If there are no page numbers on the PDF use the numbers provided in the PDF toolbar
for quotes.
Journal Articles: database link
Reichard, R.J., Walker, D.O., Putter, S.E., Middleton, E. and Johnson, S.K. (2016) Believing is
becoming: the role of leader developmental efficacy in leader self-development. Journal of
Leadership & Organizational Studies [online], v.24 (2), pp.137–156.
44
Available at:
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1548051816657981?journalCode=jlob
[Accessed: 18
th
April 2022]
OR
Reichard, R.J., Walker, D.O., Putter, S.E., Middleton, E. and Johnson, S.K. (2016) Believing is
becoming: the role of leader developmental efficacy in leader self-development. Journal of
Leadership & Organizational Studies [online], v.24 (2), pp.137–156.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051816657981
[Accessed: 18
th
April 2022]
OR
Reichard, R.J., Walker, D.O., Putter, S.E., Middleton, E. and Johnson, S.K. (2016) Believing is
becoming: the role of leader developmental efficacy in leader self-development. Journal of
Leadership & Organizational Studies [online], v.24 (2), pp.137–156. DOI:
10.1177/1548051816657981
[Accessed: 18
th
April 2022]
Cited as: Reichard et al (2016) or (Reichard et al., 2016)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Reichard et al. (2016, p.139) or
(Reichard et al., 2016 p.139). See Section 2 above for more details.
Journal Articles: no volume, issue or page details – missing details
Some journal articles are published online prior to their print or final publication date and are
known as Advanced Access or Online First Articles.
These articles often have missing or only partial details such as no volume, issue or page numbers
and they sometimes only have a DOI or “digital object identifier.”
To reference an article, which has only been published online you include a published online date
to make it clear that the full details were not available. The format statement would be:
[First published online 22
nd
July, 2013] or [First published online 22
nd
July 2013] choose one style
and be consistent.
Author (year) Title of the article. Title of the Journal [First Published online Date]. DOI.
[Accessed: date]
Ross, M. (2013) Stereoscopic visuality: Where is the screen, where is the film? Convergence: The
International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies [First published online 22
nd
July
2013]. DOI: 10.1177/1354856513494178
[Accessed: 8th November 2022]
Cited as Ross (2013 or (Ross, 2013)
Brummelman, E., Thomaes, S., Overbeek, G., Orobio de Castro, B., van den Hout, M. A. and
45
Bushman, B. J. (2013) On feeding those hungry for praise: person praise backfires in children with
low self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General [First published online 13
th
February
2013]. DOI: 10.1037/a0031917
[Accessed: 18
th
October 2022]
Cited as: Brummelman et al (2013) or (Brummelman et al., 2013)
If you may have some details so, provide what you can:
Henry, C.J., Kaur, B. and Quek, R.Y.C. (2020) Chrononutrition in the management of diabetes.
Nutrition and Diabetes [First Published online 19
th
February 2020], v.10 (6). DOI: 10.1038/s41387-
020-0109-6
[Accessed: 4
th
March 2023]
Cited as: Henry, Kaur and Quek (2020) or (Henry, Kaur and Quek, 2020)
Yu, X., Zhang, W. and Liang, J. (2021) Physician distribution across China’s cities: regional
variations. International Journal for Equity in Health [First Published online 13
th
July 2021], v.20,
162. DOI: 10.1186/s12939-021-01503-5
[Accessed: 22
nd
July 2022]
Cited as: Yu, Zhang and Liang (2021) or (Yu, Zhang and Liang, 2021)
Journal Articles: no volume numbers with seasons and pages
Author (year) Title of the article. Title of the Journal [online], season/month, pages. DOI: ??
[Accessed: date]
If you want to use a quote and there are no page numbers on the PDF, use the numbers provided
in the PDF toolbar .
Journal Articles: only one page number
Sometimes they only have a single e-number or p.e number: . You can use this
number as the start and end of the pages.
Author/s (year) Title of the article. Title of the Journal [online], volume number (issue/part
number), p.e.036192-036192.
Available at: web address
[Accessed: date]
OR
Author/s (year) Title of the article. Title of the Journal [online], volume number (issue/part
number), p.e.036192-036192.
Available at: full DOI weblink
[Accessed: date]
46
OR
Author/s (year) Title of the article. Title of the Journal [online], volume number (issue/part
number), p.e.036192-036192. DOI:
[Accessed: date]
If you are using a quote, it would normally be (author, year page number). See Section 2 above for
more details.
If there are no page numbers on the PDF use the numbers provided in the PDF toolbar
Journal Articles: article number and no pages
Sometimes journal articles they do not have volume, part or page numbers or have an Article
Number, you can use an article number in place of the missing elements.
Author/s (year) Title of the article. Title of the Journal [First Published online date], volume
number (issue/part number), article number. DOI:
[Accessed: date]
Yu, X., Zhang, W. and Liang, J. (2021) Physician distribution across China’s cities: regional
variations. International Journal for Equity in Health [First Published online 13
th
July 2021], v.20,
162. DOI: 10.1186/s12939-021-01503-5
[Accessed: 22
nd
July 2022]
Author/s (year) Title of the article. Title of the Journal [online], volume number (issue/part
number), article number.
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Guire, L., Mulvey, K.L., Goff, E., Irvin, M.J., Winterbottom, M., Fields, G.E., Hartstone-Rose, A. and
Rutland, A. (2020) STEM gender stereotypes from early childhood through adolescence at informal
science centers. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology [online], v.67 (March-April), article
no.101109.
Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0193397319300930?via%3Dihub
[Accessed: date]
OR
Guire, L., Mulvey, K.L., Goff, E., Irvin, M.J., Winterbottom, M., Fields, G.E., Hartstone-Rose, A. and
Rutland, A. (2020) STEM gender stereotypes from early childhood through adolescence at informal
science centers. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology [online], v.67 (March-April), 101109-
101109.
Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0193397319300930?via%3Dihub
[Accessed: date]
If you are using a quotation, it would normally be (author, year page number). See Section 2 above
for more details.
If there are no page numbers on the PDF use the numbers provided in the PDF toolbar
47
Journal Articles: editorials
Author (year) Title of the editorial (editorial). Title of the Journal, volume (issue/part), pages.
Kahn, D. (2013) Converging Passages: Social Reform, Peace, and Montessori Education for Life
(editorial). AMI Journal, December, pp.5-18.
Cited as: Kahn (2013) or (Kahn, 2013)
Journal Articles: extract
Author (year) Title of the article [extract]. Title of the Journal in italics [online], v. (issue), pp-pp.
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: Author (year) or (Author, year)
Journal Articles: no identifiable author
If you cannot identify the author of a journal article then use the name of the journal:
The Lancet (2016) Title of the article (editorial). Title of the Journal, volume (issue/part), page.
Cited as: The Lancet (2016) or (The Lancet, 2016)
Journal article: no page numbers
Sometimes journal articles do not have a volume, a part/issue number or page numbers and some
have an article number. You can use an article number in place of the missing elements. Some
articles may give a DOI and also a first published online date:
Author/s (year) Title of the article. Title of the Journal [First Published online date], volume
number (issue/part number), article number. DOI:
[Accessed: date]
Yu, X., Zhang, W. and Liang, J. (2021) Physician distribution across China’s cities: regional
variations. International Journal for Equity in Health [First Published online 13
th
July 2021], v.20,
162. DOI: 10.1186/s12939-021-01503-5
[Accessed: 22
nd
July 2022]
OR
Author/s (year) Title of the article. Title of the Journal [online], volume number (issue/part
number), article number.
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Guire, L., Mulvey, K.L., Goff, E., Irvin, M.J., Winterbottom, M., Fields, G.E., Hartstone-Rose, A. and
Rutland, A. (2020) STEM gender stereotypes from early childhood through adolescence at informal
science centers. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology [online], v.67 (March-April), article
no.101109.
48
Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0193397319300930?via%3Dihub
[Accessed: date]
Guire, L., Mulvey, K.L., Goff, E., Irvin, M.J., Winterbottom, M., Fields, G.E., Hartstone-Rose, A. and
Rutland, A. (2020) STEM gender stereotypes from early childhood through adolescence at informal
science centers. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology [online], v.67 (March-April), 101109-
101109.
Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0193397319300930?via%3Dihub
[Accessed: date]
If you are using a quotation, it would normally be (author, year page number). See Section 2 above
for more details.
If there are no page numbers on the PDF use the numbers provided in the PDF toolbar
Law for non-law students
This advice is intended for students in subject areas other than law who need to refer legal
documents. Law students should normally provide OSCOLA style references when citing legal
authorities.
Act of Parliament Bills
Title of the Act/Bill Year [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 [online]
Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2001/10/contents
[Accessed: 29
th
March 2021]
Cited by the title of the act with no italics or brackets: Special Educational Needs and Disability Act
2001
Hansard
Hansard is the official record of debates and speeches made in the House of Commons and the
House of Lords.
Whole debate/record:
House of Commons (2022) Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) [online], 11
th
May, v.714, No.2
Available at: https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2022-05-11
[Accessed: 27
th
July 2022]
Cite as: House of Commons (2022) or (House of Commons, 2022)
Speech/Comment by an individual include the column number within your citation:
49
Colleen Fletcher (MP) (2016, col.1734) stated …
Fletcher, C. (2016) Energy and climate change. House of Commons Hansard Debates [online], 24
th
March 2016, cols.1733-1772
Available at:
https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmhansrd/cm160324/debtext/160324-
0001.htm#16032433000005
[Accessed: 26th July 2022]
Written Statement:
Author (year) Subject of statement. House of… Hansard written statement [online], date, v.?
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Walker, R. (2022) Education Update. House of Commons Hansard written statement [online], 14
th
March, v.710, cols.22WS-24WS
Available at: https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2022-03-
14/debates/22031426000006/EducationUpdate
[Accessed: 2
nd
August 2022]
Cited as: Robin Walker (MP) (2022) or (Robin Walker (MP), 2022)
Law Case/Court Cases
This advice is intended for students in subject areas other than law who need to refer to cases
infrequently. Law students should normally provide OSCOLA style references when citing legal
authorities.
Format for in-text citations: (Names of parties involved, Year)
Examples: (R v Jones, 2009) or R v Jones (2009)
Full reference: Names of parties involved [Year] Standard abbreviated name of law report, volume
number (if available), pages (if available)
R v Jones [2009] EWCA Crim, 120
Standard abbreviations of titles and the full forms of standard title abbreviations are available
from http://www.legalabbrevs.cardiff.ac.uk/
Law Commission Report
Law Commission (year) Title of the report or consultation paper (no.?) [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Law Commission (2010) Adult Social Care (LAW COM no.326) [online]
50
Available at: https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/project/adult-social-care/#adult-social-care-report
[Accessed: 2
nd
August 2022]
Lectures
Always check with your lecturer to make sure that you can use these.
Spoken:
Lecturer’s Surname, Initial(s) (year) Title of the lecture. Liverpool John Moores University. Date of
the lecture.
Notes:
Lecturer’s Name, Initial. (year) title of the lecture. Module code and title of Module [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Smith, J. (2018) Missing link. ECL2999 Progression and curriculum [online]
Available at: https://canvas.ljmu.ac.uk/
[Accessed: 18
th
March 2019]
Cited as: Smith (2018) or (Smith, 2018)
PowerPoints see PowerPoints from lectures
Letters
References should begin with the name of the person sending the letter.
Kinnock, N. (1986) Letter to author, 12 August
Cited as: Kinnock (1986) or (Kinnock, 1986)
Please Note: there are no italics.
Live Performances
Dance
Choreographer (date of premiere) Title. [Date seen and location]
Alston, R. (22
nd
June, 1990) Soda lake [19
th
September, 2003 Covent Garden]
Cited as: Alston (1990) or (Alston, 1990)
Concert
Composer or Band (year of performance) Title. [Date seen and location]
The Killers (2013) Battle born world tour [17
th
February, 2013 Manchester Arena]
51
Cited as: The Killers (2013) or (The Killers, 2013)
Maps
Author/Compiler/Producer name (year of publication) Title of map, sheet number, scale. Place of
Publication: Publisher (Series)
Ordnance Survey (2001) Clare, Limerick, Tipperary, sheet 65, 1:50,000, Dublin: Ordnance Survey
(Discovery Series)
Cited as: (Ordnance Survey, 2001)
Marketing Reports
See Reports
Memo/Memoranda
Author (year) Title of the memo (memorandum) [submitted to] [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Teacher Support Network (2010) Behaviour and discipline in schools (memorandum) [submitted to
Education Select Committee] [online] House of Commons Session, 2010-2011
Available at:
[Accessed: 2nd October 2021]
Cited as: Teacher Support Network (2010) or (Teacher Support Network, 2010)
Monograph: Drug
This is how to reference a description/summary of a drug from a professional manual/handbook
such as the British National Formulary (BNF).
Joint Formulary Committee (2020) British National Formulary: Levocitirizine
hydrochloride [online]. London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press.
Available through: http://www.medicinescomplete.com
[Accessed: 1
st
October 2023]
Please Note: the name of the drug is not in italics and the URL/weblink take the reader to the
home age of Medicines Complete.
MP3s
You may not always be able to find the place of publication or publisher, but these details should
be included when possible.
Artist (year) Title of the song. Title of the Album [MP3] Place of Publication: Publisher.
52
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
The Feeling (2006) Love it when you call. Twelve stops and home [MP3]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: (The Feeling, 2006)
MP3 Single Track from a compilation album
Reed, L. (2003) Perfect day. In: Essential rock: definitive rock classics and power ballads (2009)
[MP3] New York: Sony Music.
Multi-volume works
Crossman, R. (1975-1977) Diaries of a cabinet minister. 3 vols. London: Hamish Hamilton.
Citing: include the volume number if referring to a page for example: (Crossman, 1975-1977,
1:132)
One volume in a multi-volume set without an individual volume title:
Barr, A. and Feigenbaum, E.A. (1981) The handbook of artificial intelligence. Vol. 2. Stanford:
Heuris Tech Press.
Cited as: Barr and Feigenbaum (1981) or (Barr and Feigenbaum, 1981)
If the volume has an individual title:
Hollis, D. (1980) Animal identification: a reference guide. Vol.3: Insects. London: British Museum
(Natural History).
Music Compilation - single tracks
Artist (original year of performance) Title of the song/dance etc. In: Title of the compilation (year)
[online video/DVD]. place of publication: Publisher.
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Reed, L. (2003) Perfect day. In: Essential rock: definitive rock classics and power ballads (2009)
[MP3]. New York: Sony Music.
Cited as: Reed (2003) or (Reed, 2003)
53
National Curriculum documents
Name of Department (year) The national strategies for primary: title of the part if there is one
[online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Department for Education (2013) The National Curriculum in England: subtitle [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: Department for Education (2013) or (Department for Education, 2013)
If you are going to cite this source more than once, you can abbreviate the name of the
government department providing you have used the full name first and indicated the
abbreviation:
Department for Education (DfE) (2013) or (Department for Education (DfE), 2013)
Quotations should be followed by a page number. See Section 2 above for more details. for
example: Department for Education (DfE) (2013, p.24) or (Department for Education (DfE), 2013
p.24)
Newspaper Articles
Online/Electronic copy
Author (year) Title of the article. Title of the Newspaper [online], date
Available at: URL/ link
[Accessed: date]
Cheng, J. (2020) World news: flooding imperils huge China dam. Wall Street Journal [online], 22
nd
July 2020
Available at: https://www.proquest.com/docview/2425770688?accountid=12118&pq-
origsite=primo
[Accessed: 2
nd
August 2022]
Cited as: Cheng (2020) or (Cheng, 2020)
Plum, J. (2021) Opinion: Do colleges care more about students than sports teams about their fans?
(Letter to the Editor). The Washington Post [online], 25
th
November 2021
Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/letters-to-the-editor/do-colleges-care-
more-about-students-than-sports-teams-about-their-fans/2021/11/24/8e85af66-4bd8-11ec-a7b8-
9ed28bf23929_story.html
[Accessed: 26
th
November 2022]
Cited as: Plum (2021) or (Plum, 2021)
54
Bloom, A. (2018) Thousands of teachers are on long-term stress leave, new figures reveal. TES
[online], 11
th
January 2018
Available at: https://www.tes.com/news/thousands-teachers-are-long-term-stress-leave-new-
figures-reveal
[Accessed: 28
th
August 20220]
Cited as: Bloom (2018) or (Bloom, 2018)
Quotations: you can use the paragraph or line number to pinpoint information: Hooper (1997,
para.3) or (Hooper, 1997 line 22)
Print copy
Author (year) Title of the article. Title of the Newspaper, date, p.?
White, J. (1992) Liverpool's most valuable home draw. The Independent, 2
nd
October, p.12
Cited as: White (1992) or (White, 1992)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: White (1992, p.12) or (White, 1992
p.12). See Section 2 above for more details.
News Websites
If there is a named reporter, then use them as the author and add the news website:
Author (year) Title of the article. Title News website [online], date
Available at: URL/ link
[Accessed: date]
Easedale, S. (2021) Plastic pollution: can seaweed end problem? BBC News [online], 15
th
November 2021
Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-59264278
[Accessed: 29
th
November 2022]
Cited as: Easedale (2021) or (Easedale, 2021)
Quotations: you can use the paragraph or line number to pinpoint information:
Easedale (2021, para.7) or (Easedale, 2021, line 8)
If there is no named reporter, then use the news site as the author:
BBC NEWS (2012) One in six young people not in education [online], 22
nd
August 2012
Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-19342998
[Accessed: 29
th
August 2022]
Cited as: BBC NEWS (2012) or (BBC NEWS, 2012)
55
OR
BBC News (2012) One in six young people not in education [online], 22
nd
August 2012
Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-19342998
[Accessed: 29
th
August 2022]
Cited as: BBC News (2012) or (BBC News, 2012)
Quotations: you can use the paragraph or line number to pinpoint information: BBC News (2012,
para.3) or (BBC, 2012 line 8)
If an article has no author, begin the reference with the title of the newspaper or website.
No year/publication date
If you cannot find a date of publication, insert n.d. (short for no date) in place of the year.
Coull, Y. (n.d.) Generations Working Together: learning through intergenerational practice [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: Coull (n.d.) or (Coull, n.d.)
No volume details/pages
See Journal articles without volume, issue or page details - missing details
Observation
Name of the person being observed (year) Title of the observation (Observation). Full date
Please Note: there are no italics.
Online Chapter PDF
A PDF of single book chapter online, see Chapters
Online chapter – Thesis/Dissertation
See Chapters
Online Documents/PDFs
Author (year) Title of the document [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
National Reading Panel (2000) Teaching children to read [online]
Available at: http://www.nationalreadingpanel.org/Publications/publications.html
56
[Accessed: 27
th
January 2020]
Cited as: National Reading Panel (2000) or (National Reading Panel, 2000)
Quotations should be followed by a page number. See Section 2 above for more details. for
example: National Reading Panel (2000, p.33) or (National Reading Panel, 2000 p.33)
Online Video
See Videos available online
Paintings
Artist (year) title of the work [medium] City: gallery or collection that houses the work.
Artist (year) Title [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Waterhouse, J. (1888) The Lady of Shalott [online]
Available at: http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/john-william-waterhouse-583
[Accessed: 2
nd
April 2021]
Cited as: Waterhouse (1888) or (Waterhouse, 1888)
Parliament: Hansard Speech or Debate
Hansard is the official record of debates and speeches made in the House of Commons and the
House of Lords.
Whole debate/record:
House of Commons (2022) Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) [online], 11
th
May v.714, No.2
Available at: https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2022-05-11
[Accessed: 27
th
July 2022]
Cited as: House of Commons (2022) or (House of Commons, 2022)
If you are referring to a specific area include the column number within your citation.
Colleen Fletcher (MP) (2016, col.1734) stated …
Fletcher, C. (2016) Energy and climate change. House of Commons Hansard Debates [online], 24
th
March 2016, cols.1734-1772
Available at:
https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmhansrd/cm160324/debtext/160324-
0001.htm#16032433000005
[Accessed: 26th July 2021]
57
PDFs available online
See Online Documents/PDFs
Personal Diary/Journal
Surname, Initial (year) Personal Journal/Diary. Unpublished work.
Photographs
Artist/Photographer (Year of production) Title of image [type of medium]
Available at: web site address/URL
[Accessed: date]
Parr, M. (1985) The last resort 25 [online image]
Available at: https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/parr-the-last-resort-25-p78703
[Accessed: 16
th
July 2021]
Cited under the photograph as: (Parr, 1985)
Use yourself as the author if you are using your own photographs/ pictures etc.
Author (year) Title of the image [photograph], unpublished work
You can cite it using you last name and year or use Image 1 etc under the image and in your
reference list it would be:
Image 1:
Author (year) Title of the image [photograph], unpublished work
Podcasts
Broadcaster/Author (year) Programme title, Series Title (if relevant) [podcast], date of
transmission
Available at: include web site address/URL
[Accessed: date]
National Museums Liverpool (2011) A cadet from “SS Politician” remembers [podcast], February
2011
Available at: http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/podcasts/politician-
cadet.aspx
[Accessed: 14
th
April 2020]
Cited as: National Museums Liverpool (2011) or (National Museums Liverpool, 2011)
To use quotes from audio/visual materials use the 24-hour clock. See Section 2 for more details.
58
PowerPoints
Author (year) Title of the PowerPoint [online PowerPoint]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
PowerPoint from lectures
Check with your lecturer to see if you can use these.
Lecturer’s Name, Initial. (year) title of the lecture. Module code and title of Module [online
PowerPoint]
Available at: Canvas link
[Accessed: date]
Smith, J. (2011) Missing link. ECL2999 Progression and Curriculum [online PowerPoint]
Available at: https://canvas.ljmu.ac.uk/
[Accessed: 18
th
March 2019]
Cited as: Smith (2011) or (Smith, 2011)
Quotations: you can use the slide number to pinpoint information: Smith (2011, slide 4) or (Smith,
2011 slide 4)
PowerPoint from a conference - online
Maynard, T. (2010) Letting go: child-led learning in the outdoor environment. TACTYC 2010
Conference Grounds for Play: Exploring Risk in the Outdoor Early Years Environment [online
PowerPoint]. Novotel: Birmingham, 13
th
November
Available at: http://www.tactyc.org.uk/conferences/conference-131110.asp
[Accessed: 2
nd
October 2020]
Cited as: Maynard (2010) or (Maynard, 2010)
PowerPoint Microsoft Stock images
Microsoft Office PowerPoint has “stock images” which have little information. Use the launch date
as the year. If you click on the Alt Text icon, a description will appear in a side panel – use this as
the title.
Microsoft Office 365 (2011) White Flowers blossoming on a green background (PowerPoint Stock
Image) [online Image]
Available at: https://www.office.com/
[Accessed: 28
th
October 2022]
Cited as: (Microsoft Office 365, 2011)
59
Alternatively, you may want to use a number system (Image 1) (Image 2) etc. See Images for
details.
Press Releases
Issuing Body (2011) Title of the paper/press release [online], date of release
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Department for Education (2010) Gove: teachers, not politicians, know how best to run schools
[online], 26
th
May 2010
Available at: http://www.education.gov.uk/inthenews/pressnotices/a0061085/gove-not-
politicians-know-how-to-run-schools
[Accessed: 12
th
September 20220]
Cited as: Department for Education (2010) or (Department for Education, 2010)
Radio Programmes
Woman’s Hour: Campaigning women (2012) [Radio Programme online], BBC Radio 4, 31
st
December.
Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01phf4h
[Accessed: 2
nd
April 2022]
Brigs, D. (2013) Risk and tourism [interview by Laurie Taylor] Thinking Allowed [Radio Programme
online], BBC Radio 4, 18th September
Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03b2j75
[Accessed: 28
th
September 2022]
Please Note: it is the name of the programme that are in italics.
Religious Texts
Print:
Title not in italics (year) Edition /Version if there is one. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Online:
Title not in italics (year) [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
King James Bible (2022) [online]
Available at: https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/
[Accessed: 7
th
December 2022]
Cited as: King James Bible (2022) or (King James Bible, 2022)
If you were quoting a passage/Gospel/verse, for example:
60
“He shall feed his flock like a shepherd: he shall gather the lambs with his arm, and carry them in
his bosom, and shall gently lead those that are with young” (King James Bible, 2022, Isaiah 20:11).
You would reference the whole Bible – but you could use a direct web address/URL as the link:
King James Bible (2022) [online]
Available at: https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Isaiah-Chapter-40/#11
[Accessed: 7
th
December 2022]
If you were using a popular name for a verse, for example:
The Beatitudes (King James Bible, 2022, Matthew 5: 3-11)
You would reference the whole Bible – but you could use a direct web address/URL as the link:
King James Bible (2022) [online]
Available at: https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Matthew-Chapter-5/#3
[Accessed: 7
th
December 2022]
Reports
The basic details for a report are:
Author (year) Title of the document [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Some reports, such as Government research report, House of Commons reports and Law reports
need some additional details, see the examples below.
Education Reports
Education reports can be reference by the name of the Committee or if it is a popular report, by
the name of the Chairperson:
Board of Education (1933) Report of the Consultative Committee on Infant and Nursery Schools
(Hadow Report) [online]
Available at: www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/hadow1933/hadow1933.html
[Accessed: date]
OR
Hadow, W.H. (1933) Report of the Consultative Committee on Infant and Nursery Schools (Hadow
Report) [online]
Available at: www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/hadow1933/hadow1933.html
[Accessed: date]
61
Government Department Reports
Public Health England (2016) Government Dietary Recommendations: government
recommendations for energy and nutrients for males and females aged 1-18years and 19+ years
[online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Government Research Report
Author (year) Title of the document (Research Report number) [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
House of Commons Report
House of Commons Education and Skills Committee (2006) Special Educational Needs Third Report
of Session 2005–06 Volume I (HC478-1) [online]
Available at: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmeduski/478/478i.pdf
[Accessed: 1
st
October 2022]
Cited as: House of Commons Education and Skills Committee (2006) or (House of Commons
Education and Skills Committee, 2006)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: House of Commons Education and
Skills Committee (2006, p.5) or (House of Commons Education and Skills Committee, 2006 p.5).
See Section 2 above for more details.
Bates, A. (2017) Early Intervention (House of Commons Briefing Paper No. 7647) [online]
Available at: https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/id/eprint/30984/1/CBP-7647.pdf
[Accessed: 24
th
November 2023]
Cited as: Bates (2017) or (Bates, 2017)
Law Commission Reports
Law Commission (year) Title of the report or consultation paper (no.?) [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Law Commission (2010) Adult Social Care (LAW COM no.326) [online]
Available at: https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/project/adult-social-care/#adult-social-care-report
[Accessed: 2
nd
August 2022]
Cited as: Law Commission (2010) OR (Law Commission, 2010)
Marketing Report- Mintel
Mintel (year) Title of the report in italics [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
62
Cited as: Mintel (year) or (Mintel, year)
Quotations should be followed by a page number, for example: Mintel (2021, p.2) or (Mintel,
2021 p.2). See Section 2 above for more details.
Ofsted
Ofsted can be in lower case or capitals – choose one display option and stick with it.
Ofsted (2013) Unseen children: access and achievement 20 years on: evidence report [online]
Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/unseen-children-access-and-
achievement-20-years-on
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: Ofsted (2013) OR (Ofsted, 2013)
OFSTED (2013) Unseen children: access and achievement 20 years on: evidence report [online]
Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/unseen-children-access-and-
achievement-20-years-on
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: OFSTED (2013) OR (OFSTED, 2013)
School Inspections
Burke, B. (1995) Inspection under section 9 of the Education (Schools) Act 1994: Bedford High
School, Manchester Road, Leigh. WN7 2TY [online]
Available at: http://www.open.gov.uk/ofsted/pdf/3594019.pdf
[Accessed: 26
th
November 2022]
If you need to hide the name of the school for reasons of confidentiality, then see Anonymity.
Reports – referencing an article from an edited report
If you had a report with article or sections written by different authors and you want to reference
an individual article:
Author of article (year) Title of the article. In: Editor (ed.) Title of the report [online], pp-pp.
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Secondary Sources/References
You may want to refer to a work you found quoted by another author. Always be sure to add a note
including a page number to the reference in your assignment, so that it is clear that you have not
consulted the original source.
63
Provide a reference to the item you have read in your reference list. The reader can then use that
information and the page number noted in your assignment to trace full details of the item. For
example:
You have read a book by Jaworski, Wood and Dawson, published in 1999 and they have cited a
book on page 101 written by Schifter in 1991. The book you have read, is the item in your
reference list.
Jaworski, B., Wood, T.L. and Dawson, S. (1999) Mathematics teacher education critical
international perspectives. London: RoutledgeFalmer.
Your citation would be for Schifter but also where you read about it:
Schifter (1991 cited in Jaworski, Wood and Dawson, 1999 p.101) argued…
It was argued (Schifter, 1991 cited in Jaworski, Wood and Dawson, 1999 p.101)…
You have read a journal article by Nair, Patil and Mertova published in 2009 and on page 133 the
authors cite a paper written by Vohra and Kasuba published in 2004. The article you have read, is
the item in your reference list:
Nair, C.S., Patil, A. and Mertova, P. (2009) Re-engineering graduate skills - a case study. European
Journal of Engineering Education [online], 34 (2), pp.131-139.
Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03043790902829281
[Accessed: 3
rd
August 2023]
Your citation would be for Vohra and Kasuba but also where you read about it:
Vohra and Kasuba (2004 cited in Nair, Patil and Mertova, 2009 p.133) established....
It was agreed (Vohra and Kasuba, 2004 cited in Nair, Patil and Mertova, 2009 p.133) that…
Secondary References to abstracts
You may occasionally want to refer in your assignment to an item you uncovered during a
literature search but have not read in full. Include the abstract number in the reference to indicate
that you are working from the abstract not the full document.
Spanos, N.P. (1992) A comparison of hypnotic and nonhypnotic treatments for smoking.
Imagination, Cognition and Personality, v.12 (1), pp.23-43.
(From PsyclNFO, [online] Abstract No. 1993-11137-001)
[Accessed: 1
st
September 2019]
Cited as: Spano (1992) or (Spano, 1992)
64
Social Media
Social Media are not generally regarded as academic sources; check with your lecturer to see if
they are an acceptable source to use for a particular assignment.
Name of Facebook Account Holder (year) Name of the Page [Facebook]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Author of the Tweet (year) Content of the tweet in italics [Twitter], date and month of post
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Image on social media
Burnett, D. (2019) Zendaya animatronic dress [Instagram] 8
th
May
Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/BxNiabZHpO-/
[Accessed: 10th March 2021]
See Images for information about citing.
Software
see Computer Programs/Software
Speeches
Hancock, M. (2014) Maths and English provision in post-16 education, speech 2 July, London
[online]
Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/maths-and-english-provision-in-post-16-
education
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: Hancock (2014) or (Hancock, 2014)
Quotations: you can use the paragraph number or line number if no page number is available:
Hancock (2014, para.3) or (Hancock, 2014 para.3) Hancock (2014, line 9) or (Hancock, 2014 line 9)
Parliamentary speeches see Law Hansard
Online speech
King, M.L. (1963) I have a dream, speech 28 August, Washington D.C. [online]
Available at: http://wwwmlkonline.net/dream.html
[Accessed: 5
th
April 2021]
Cited as: King (1963) or (King, 1963)
Visiting speaker from a particular company
65
Speaker’s Name, (Year) Presentation title. [Guest Speaker from…] Place of presentation. Full date
of presentation.
Cited as: Speaker’s Last Name (year) or (Speaker’s Last Name, year)
Statutory Instruments (SI)
Education (School Teacher Performance Management) (England) Regulations 2006 (SI 2006/2661)
[online]
Available at: www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/2661/pdfs/uksi_20062661_en.pdf
[Accessed: 18
th
March 2021]
Tables and Graphs
Author (year) Title of the Book. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Author (year) Title of the document [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Cited as: (Author, year, p.?)
You could use the title of the graph under the image followed by the author and year. See Images
for more details.
Theses/Dissertations
Author (year) Title of Thesis. Level of study, place of study.
Hull, A.P. (1988) Changing patterns of accessibility and mobility in sixteen parishes in east Kent,
1973-1982. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Liverpool Polytechnic.
Author (year) Title of Thesis [online], Level of study, place of study.
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Magallon, A. (2019) Why self-care Is vital for social services professionals [online], MA thesis,
California State University.
Available at:
[Accessed: 14th April 2022]
Thesis/Dissertation- online chapter
This is when a single chapter is found as a PDF online.
Author (year) Title of the Chapter. In: Title of the Thesis [online], Level of study, Place/University of
study pp.-pp.
Available at:
66
[Accessed: date]
Translations of old texts
See Book Editions
TV Programmes
It is usual to give the title, country of origin, channel, transmission date, if possible, and episode
title, if appropriate.
Why Poverty? Part 4, Park Avenue: money, power and the American dream [TV programme], BBC4,
27
th
November 2012
Porrit, J. (1991) Interview by Jonathan Dimbleby Panorama [TV programme], BBC1, 18
th
March
Details of the director and scriptwriter may be included, if significant:
Blackeyes. d. Ken Trodd, scr. Denis Potter UK [TV programme], BBC2, 23 September 1989
Documentary films may be listed under the name of the director or production company.
Unpublished Works
Reference unpublished works in the usual way according to their format but include a note to
indicate that the item is unpublished:
Hull, A.P. (1988) Changing patterns of accessibility and mobility in sixteen parishes in east Kent,
1973-1982. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Liverpool Polytechnic.
Your own work – research, then use your own name as the author:
Author (year) Title of the research in italics. Unpublished work
Updated/Amended old texts
See Book Editions
Videos available online
Author (year) Title of the video [online video]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Gray, C. (1991) What are social stories? [online video]
Available at: http://www.thegraycenter.org/social-stories/what-are-social-stories
[Accessed: 30
th
March 2019]
67
Cited as: Gray (1991) or (Gray, 1991)
You may want to quote a specific section. Use the 24-hour clock to indicate the starting point:
Gray (1991: 00:29:45) or (Gray, 1991: 00:29:45)
Robinson, K. (2006) Do schools kill creativity [online video]
Available at:
https://www.ted.com/talks/sir_ken_robinson_do_schools_kill_creativity?language=en
[Accessed: date??]
Cited as: Robinson (2006) or (Robinson, 2006)
If they use a quote then they should use the 24-hour clock to indicate where it is in the video:
Robinson (2006: 00:12:30) or (Robinson, 2006: 00:12:30)
Kanopy videos
Author (year) Title of the video [online video]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Learning Seed (2008) Cognitive & Language Development [online video]
Available at: https://www.kanopy.com/en/ljmu/video/56487
[Accessed: date??]
McEvoy, W. and McEvoy, K. (2012) Play and Learning at School: five year olds [online video]
Available at: https://www.kanopy.com/en/ljmu/video/76423
[Accessed: date??]
If there are no named author then use Kanopy can be used as the author.
Webinar
Author (year) Title of the webinar [webinar], date of the webinar
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
Webpages/websites
Author (year) Title of the webpage [online]
Available at:
[Accessed: date]
GOV.UK (2016) Types of school [online]
Available at: https://www.gov.uk/types-of-school/overview
68
[Accessed: 16
th
July 2022]
Cited as GOV.UK (2016) or (GOV.UK, 2016)
Quotations: you can use the paragraph number or line number to pinpoint specific information
there are no page numbers:
GOV.UK (2016 para.4) or (GOV.UK, 2016 para.4) OR GOV.UK (2016 line 10) or (GOV.UK, 2016 line
10)
PDFs on a webpage
See Online Documents/PDFs
Webpage articles
If you want to refer to an article written on a website and there is an author named, your
reference.
This is an online newspaper article:
Plum, J. (2021) Opinion: Do colleges care more about students than sports teams about their fans?
(Letter to the Editor). The Washington Post [online], 25
th
November 2021
Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/letters-to-the-editor/do-colleges-care-
more-about-students-than-sports-teams-about-their-fans/2021/11/24/8e85af66-4bd8-11ec-a7b8-
9ed28bf23929_story.html
[Accessed: 26
th
November 2022]
Cited as: McDonough (1999) or (McDonough, 1999)
Quotations: you can use the paragraph or line number: McDonough (1999, para.2) or
(McDonough, 1999 line23).
This is a news website:
BBC News (2012) One in six young people not in education [online], 22
nd
August 2012
Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-19342998
[Accessed: 3
rd
August 2021]
Cited as: BBC News (2012, para.8) or (BBC News, 2012 para.8)
OR
BBC NEWS (2012) One in six young people not in education [online], 22
nd
August 2012
Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-19342998
[Accessed: 3
rd
August 2021]
Cited as: BBC NEWS (2012, para.8) or (BBC NEWS, 2012 para.8)
69
If there is no named author then use the webpage owner as the author.
Web pages often have long URLs/addresses. In these cases, we recommend that you include just
the basic URL/address in a reference, for example: as far as the first forward slash.
Year missing
See No year/publication date
YouTube Videos
Screen name of contributor (year) Video Title, Series Title if relevant [online video]
Available at: include web site address/URL
[Accessed: date]
Robinson, K. (2006) Do schools kill creativity [online video]
Available at:
https://www.ted.com/talks/sir_ken_robinson_do_schools_kill_creativity?language=en
[Accessed: 16
th
October 2022]
Cited as: Robinson (2006) or (Robinson, 2006)
If they use a quote then they should use the 24-hour clock to indicate where it is in the video:
Robinson (2006: 00:12:30) or (Robinson, 2006: 00:12:30).
UNICEF (2007) Article 28 [online video]
Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWo0aYvx7xk&feature=relmfu
[Accessed: 19
th
April 2021]
Cited as: UNICEF (2007) or (UNICEF, 2007)
See Videos available online for more examples.
If it is an interview –see also Interviews
For further help and advice on Harvard referencing please contact your Academic Engagement
Librarian.
Guide Updated: January 2024
By: Jackie Fealey
